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Prions

Prions. “small proteinaceous infectious agents without a nucleic acid genome……produce spongiform encephalopathies ”. Pathogenicity. abnormally folded proteins that cause the proteins to clump diseases have a long incubation time CNS damage is insidious no fever and inflammation.

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Prions

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  1. Prions “small proteinaceous infectious agents without a nucleic acid genome……produce spongiform encephalopathies”

  2. Pathogenicity • abnormally folded proteins that cause the proteins to clump • diseases have a long incubation time • CNS damage is insidious • no fever and inflammation

  3. Readings Question #1 • Why are prions of a particular concern to embalmers?

  4. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease • transfers/removals • embalming non-posted Remains • embalming posted remains • decontamination

  5. NJ Dept. of Health/NJSFDAEmbalming Non-posted Remains • Protective attire • Positioning • Topical disinfection • Washing and positioning • Injection site selection • Injection chemicals • No cavity aspiration • Aspiration alternative

  6. Embalming Non-posted(cont’d) • other precautions: • purge • medical devices • washing • instruments • surfaces • disposables

  7. Embalming Posted Remains • viscera • preservative powder • completion • viscera bag • cranial cavity • calvarium

  8. Decontamination • sodium hypochlorite • incineration • detergent • solution of 1:10 sodium hypochlorite/water

  9. Viruses Readings question #2: How do viruses replicate? Readings question #3: How can some viruses become inactivated? Why? Give 1 example.

  10. Dermatropic (Skin) Diseases • Smallpox: vaccination ended in the 1970s • Monkeypox: • Measles: Readings question #4: What is the virus responsible for measles? What is the only reservoir for this virus? • MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, rubella)

  11. Dermatropic Diseases (cont’d) • German Measles: • Readings question #5: what is the virus that is responsible for this disease? How is it spread? • Chickenpox and Shingles: • Shingles rarely occurs in people under the age of 20

  12. Reye’s Syndrome • severe complication of chickenpox, influenze and some other viral diseases • persistent vomiting • signs of brain dysfunction • coma and death • survivors: neurological damage • children and teenagers • aspirin

  13. Dermatropic Diseases (cont’d) • Herpes Simplex 1 and 2: Readings question #6: What is caused by the Herpes Simplex 1 virus and how is it transmitted? What is caused by the Herpes Simplex 2 virus and how is it transmitted?

  14. Pneumotropic (URT) Diseases • Influenza: strains are “antigenic shifts” - vaccines are usually “multivalent” - pandemic 1918-1919 - 2 new drugs: zanamivir (Relenza) oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu)

  15. Pneumotropic Diseases (cont’d) • Common Cold: • Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS): • Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS):

  16. Neurotropic (CNS) Diseases • Rabies: Readings question #7: Why is the immune system unable to suppress the infection caused by the rhabdovirus when it reaches the central nervous system? - not found in squirrels, rabbits, rats, or mice

  17. Neurotropic Diseases (cont’d) • Poliomyelitis: • Readings question #8: Describe the path of the poliovirus once it is ingested. • Viral Encephalitis: • West Nile Virus: 1999 New York City

  18. Viscerotropic (Visceral) Diseases • Hepatitis: Hepatitis A (HAV) Hepatitis B (HBV) • Readings question #9: According to OSHA’s Blood-borne Pathogen Rule, what are the rights of funeral home employees regarding the HBV vaccine? Hepatitis C (HCV): “silent epidemic”

  19. Viscerotropic Disease (cont’d) • Infectious Mononucleosis: • Cytomegalovirus: “inclusion bodies” • Epidemic Parotitis (Mumps)

  20. Immunological Disease • HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Readings question #10: What is the major threat to embalmers when embalming AIDS victims? What can the embalmer do to protect him/herself?

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