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APPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGY

APPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGY. NEUROBIOLOGICAL. Biological processes influence behaviors Genetic factors influence behaviors Brain chemistry, nervous system, and hormones Localization of Function – Phineas Gage. EVOLUTIONARY. Natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes

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APPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGY

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  1. APPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGY

  2. NEUROBIOLOGICAL • Biological processes influence behaviors • Genetic factors influence behaviors • Brain chemistry, nervous system, and hormones • Localization of Function – Phineas Gage

  3. EVOLUTIONARY • Natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes • How has anger facilitated the survival of our ancestors’ genes?

  4. PSYCHOANALTIC • Psychodynamic • Unconscious motives influence behavior • Sexual • Aggressive • Past experiences/Childhood influence behavior • Sigmund Freud – Defense Mechanisms • Carl Jung – Collective Unconscious

  5. Carl Jung

  6. BEHAVIORAL • Personal experiences and reinforcement guide development • Environmental influences • Observational learning • Punishments & Rewards • Stimulus & Response • Ivan Pavlov • John B. Watson • B.F. Skinner

  7. Ivan Pavlov

  8. Little Albert Watson and Little Albert Brave New World

  9. COGNITIVE • Perceptions & Thoughts influence behavior • Mental Images • Information Processing • Thinking & Language • Memory Functioning • Stroop Test

  10. Stroop Effect Messing with your mind since 1935

  11. Red Green Blue Yellow Orange Purple Yellow Green Blue Orange Red Yellow Purple Green Blue Orange Red Green Blue Yellow Orange Purple Yellow Green Blue Orange Red Yellow Purple Green Blue Orange Orange Purple Yellow Green Blue Orange Red Yellow

  12. Red GreenBlueYellow OrangePurpleYellowGreen BlueOrangeRedYellow PurpleGreenBlueOrange RedGreenBlueYellow OrangePurpleYellowGreen BlueOrangeRedYellow PurpleGreenBlueOrange OrangePurpleYellowGreen BlueOrangeRedYellow

  13. Questions? • Do we read words faster than we name colors? • Do you think children who haven’t learned to read yet would have an easier time with this test? What about older people? What about ESL or non-native English speakers?

  14. Conclusions? • Reading is automatic… a skill we learn and becomes more and more ingrained in us as we get older. • Color naming is a control process, something we must use directed attention to accomplish. • Other conclusions?

  15. HUMANISTIC • People are born good with the potential for excellence • People make free & conscious choices based on their experiences • Carl Rogers – Self v. Ideal Self • Abraham Maslow – Hierarchy of Needs (theory of motivation) = SELF-ACTUALIZATION • Victor Frankl

  16. SOCIOCULTURAL • Ethnicity, Gender, Culture, Socioeconomic status create individual differences • Behavior influenced by rules and expectations of societal groups

  17. Cultural practice example: Sleeping arrangements • Infants sleeping arrangements during the child’s first two years • Culture (n.): A system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts, conscious and unconscious, transmitted across generations through learning.

  18. JE: Perspectives in Psychology • Out of the 6 major perspectives of psychology, which one or combination do you personally support? • Justify your response with specific examples of behavior and explanations as to why you do NOT support other approaches.

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