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Exploring Methodological Frameworks in Psychological Research: Participants, Procedures, and Measures

This paper delves into the structured methodologies employed in psychological research, focusing on crucial aspects such as participant selection, procedural designs, and measurement techniques. It outlines the steps taken to gather data, the demographic characteristics of the participants, and the tools utilized for assessment. By summarizing the collected data and statistical analyses, the paper provides a clear understanding of the findings while adhering to APA guidelines without delving into discussions on implications.

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Exploring Methodological Frameworks in Psychological Research: Participants, Procedures, and Measures

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  1. APA Writing Style II Methods and Results

  2. Methods • Possible subsections: • Participants • Apparatus (or Materials) • Procedure • Measures

  3. Method: Participants • How many • How they were selected • Payments made or credits given for participation, if applicable • Major demographic characteristics • Sex, age, race/ethnicity • Economic status, disability status, sexual orientation • Other characteristic

  4. Method: Apparatus • Describe specialized materials or equipment used in the study • We will often not have any, so omit this section

  5. Method: Procedure • Instructions to participants • Experimental manipulations • Deception • Randomization and/or counterbalancing • Other controls • Include description of measures here or in a separate measures section • If simple questionnaire/survey, can combine with Participants section or leave separate.

  6. Method: Measures • Describes the measures you used • You must include ALL measures, even measures such as age, race, or gender. • Include: • The name of the measure (when applicable) and what it assesses • Number of items in the scale (if known) • Range of scores (if known) • What higher or lower scores indicate OR categories (levels) in the measure

  7. Methods • Subsections you will probably have • Participants • Procedure • Measures • OR: • Participants and Procedure • Measures

  8. Results • Summarize data collected and statistical analyses • Mention all relevant results, even if counter to hypothesis • Often useful to restate findings in plain language • Do NOT discuss implications of results here • Not necessary to include any tables (DO NOT paste your output into the paper)

  9. Results • Age and extraversion were negatively correlated (r = -.45, p < .01). • Restate in English: • That is, younger people were more extraverted.

  10. Format Issues • Double space • Never hit enter twice, never single space • 12 point font, 1 inch margins • Indent first line of each paragraph (1/2 inch) except abstract, which is not indented • Order: • Title page (separate page, numbered page 1) • Abstract (separate page, numbered page 2) • Text (separate page, numbered page 3) • Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion • References (start on separate page)

  11. TITLE PAGE FORMAT Header with short version of title and Page # on EVERY PAGE Multiple identities 1 Running head: NEGOTIATING MULTIPLE IDENTITIES The importance of centrality for negotiating multiple identities Isis H. Settles Michigan State University Flush Left 50 characters or less, ALL CAPS ALL LINES CENTERED 1st: Title, 1st word only capitalized 2nd: Your name 3rd: MSU

  12. Abstract • 120 words or less • Overview of your study with only key information • Main purpose • Sample & Method • Results (in “English”) • One implication of results • Do NOT indent

  13. References • Hanging indent – first line is left-justified, indent all following lines • Order is alphabetical • If same author, the in order by year (earliest first) • Italicize the journal name and volume number, but not issue number (for a journal article) or book title (for a book)

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