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Historical Evolution of the Code of Conduct: "Return with Honor"

This document provides a comprehensive overview of the historical development of the Code of Conduct, emphasizing the principle of "Return with Honor." It discusses key international legal frameworks, including the Hague Convention and Geneva Accords, as well as the impact of the Korean and Vietnam Wars on military conduct and prisoner treatment. Reports highlight the statistics of POWs, issues surrounding repatriation, and the effects of indoctrination during captivity. The evolution of the Code of Conduct, especially the revisions made under Presidents Carter and Reagan, reflects changing attitudes towards military ethics, obedience, and the treatment of service members.

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Historical Evolution of the Code of Conduct: "Return with Honor"

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  1. Code of Conduct “Return with Honor”

  2. Code of Conduct(Historical) • Law of the Hague (1899), Annex, Article 9 • “Bound” to give ”Only” Name, Rank • Geneva Accords (1929), Article 5 • Name, Rank, Date of Birth, Service Number • Korean War (1950 – 1953) • “Brainwashing” (Indoctrination) • Anti-government Statements • Significant Number of POWs Refused Repatriation

  3. Korea: POW Stats(Kinkead, Eugene. In Every War But One. Norton, 1959) • 7190 Total Prisoners Taken • 92% in the first year of the war • 2634 Died • 38% - largest percentage since the Revolution • Most (99.6%) died in the first year of the war • 4435 Americans Released • 31 Navy, 196 Marine, 235 Air Force • 3973 Army

  4. Korea: Army POW Statistics • 30% of All Prisoners Behaved Inappropriately • General Collaboration • Criminal Acts Against Fellow Prisoners • Failure to Lead Properly • 425 Seriously Collaborated (13%) • 82 Cases Approved for Court-martial • 47 Cases Passed a Four Tier Review Board • 12 Collaborators Tried - Guilty • 21 Collaborators Remained Behind

  5. Korea:POW Study Findings • Loss of Organizational Structure • “Every Man For Himself” • Breakdown of Discipline • Unrealistic Expectations of Captivity • Food Aversion, Sanitation, Basic First Aid • Loss of Hope • Loss of Activity, Loss of Interest • Some Units Faired Better Than Others • Turks, Marines

  6. Code of Conduct(Historical) • 1955 Executive Order – President Eisenhower • Formal training for all military personnel

  7. Code of Conduct(Historical) • Vietnam (1964 – 1973) • Torture Added to Emotional Distress • Still Minimal Defections • But many felt dishonored by giving in to torture • President Carter signs executive order in 1977 revising Article V: • Deleted the Word “Only” • Changed “Bound” to “Required”

  8. Code of Conduct • ARTICLE V (revised): • When questioned, should I become a prisoner of war, I am required to give name, rank, service number, and date of birth… • ARTICLE V (original): • When questioned, should I become a prisoner of war, I am bound to give only name, rank, service number, and date of birth….

  9. Code of Conduct(Historical) • President Reagan signs executive in 1988 • Made Articles I and II gender neutral • The Code of Conduct is NOT an ORDER, but a Guideline

  10. Code of Conduct • ARTICLE I (revised): • I am an American, fighting in the forces which guard my country and our way of life. I am prepared to give my life in their defense. • ARTICLE I (original): • I am an American fighting man. I serve in the forces which guard my country and our way of life. I am prepared to give my life in their defense.

  11. Code of Conduct • ARTICLE II (revised): • I will never surrender of my own free will. If in command, I will never surrender the members of my command while they still have the means to resist. • ARTICLE II (original): • I will never surrender of my own free will. If in command, I will never surrender my men while they still have the means to resist.

  12. Remember: The Code of Conduct is NOT an ORDER, but a GuidelineReturn With Honor

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