What are the locational changes in the iron and steel industry in China?

1. What are the locational changes in the iron and steel industry in China?

2. How important is the iron and steel industry in China? Iron and steel industry is a very important industry because it provides basic _____________ used by many other industries. raw materials Iron and steel industry is very important to China too. Do you know what China’s rank in the world is in terms of steel production?

3. How important is the iron and steel industry in China? What is China’s share in world steel production? Which bar shows China’s data? ______% 30.9 Major crude steel producers in the world, 2005 China Japan USA Russia South Korea

4. How important is the iron and steel industry in China? Although China produces a lot of steel, it still needs to import plenty of steel to meet domestic demand. What is China’s rank as a net importer of steel in the world? Why does China need to produce and consume so much steel? Major net importers of steel, 2004 USA China Thailand Iran Italy

5. What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? 1950s In this period, iron and steel works were mainly concentrated in the __________, for example, What were the major locational factors of the iron and steel industry in China during this period? Anshan north-east

6. Major locational factors Locational effect What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? 1950s They are heavy and ______ _______________ Raw materials bulky - iron ore To save transport costs - limestone Locate near to iron ore fields _______________-oriented Raw material

7. Major locational factors Locational effect What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? 1950s ________________ Power resources It is heavy and _________ bulky - coal To save transport costs Locate near to coal mines ______________-oriented Power

8. What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? Early 1950s to late 1970s 1950s Anshan

9. What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? Early 1950s to late 1970s …and even to the West (e.g. Urumqi) 1950s 1970s How did the distribution of iron and steel works change during this period? Can you give any examples of major iron and steel centres found in the Central? What were the major locational factors of the iron and steel industry in China during this period? Anshan Baotou Taiyuan Inland shiftto the Central… Wuhan Panzhihua

10. Major locational factors Locational effect What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? Early 1950s to late 1970s Raw materials Raw material-oriented Power resources Power-oriented

11. Major locational factors Locational effect What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? Early 1950s to late 1970s _____________ policy Government _______ shift of industries Inland - _________ reasons: strategic avoid industries from being attacked - _________ reasons: social ~ balance economic development ~ relieve the problem of overpopulation in the coastal regions

12. What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? Early 1950s to late 1970s Government policy is a particularly important locational factor in China not only in this period but also in the later period. Do you know why? It is because the economy in China is________________. state-planned Most iron and steel works are _______________. state-owned

13. What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? 1980s to the present 1970s Early 2000s What are the major locational factors of iron and steel industry in China nowadays? How does the distribution of iron and steel works change during this period? There is a general shift to the ________ regions. Can you name some of the major iron and steel centres? Beijing Anshan coastal Shanghai

14. Major locational factors Locational effect What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? 1980s to the present Government policy Shift of industries to the _________ regions coastal - _______ policy open - the policy of ‘having some regions developed first’

15. Major locational factors Locational effect What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? 1980s to the present _______________ advancements Technological Less coal and iron ore are used Lower transport costs of power resources and raw materials - use of new furnaces - _______ iron can be used scrap The locational importance of _________________ and _____________ decreases power resources - use of ________ carriers and better railway transport bulk raw materials The locational importance of ________ and ___________________ increases market coastal location

16. What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? 1980s to the present Why does the coastal location become more important? It is because: it is easier to _______raw materials from overseas; import it is easier to _______finished products to overseas markets. export

17. What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? 1980s to the present What other favourable locational factors coastal regions have? ( Small / Big ) markets _______________ economies Agglomeration

18. Main railway line Line under construction Railway junction/ Terminus What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? 1980s to the present and… Well-developed transport networksand i_____________ nfrastructure Shekou Port, Shenzhen

19. What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? 1980s to the present ___________ flat land Extensive Water for_________ cooling Can get land through______________ reclamation

20. West 18% East 47% Central 35% What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? 1980s to the present Abundant supply of__________ labour Percentage of graduates with senior secondary education or above in the three economic regions, 2003 skilled

21. What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? _________population 1980s to the present Small On the other hand, problems in the inland areas discourage industrial development. For example, Far away from major markets Poor transport networks and low a___________ _________ relief Rugged ccessibility Uneconomicalto exploit the resources Mainly____________labour __________climate Extreme unskilled

22. What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? To conclude… 1950s Major locational factors: - ________________ Raw materials - ________________ Power resources Main location: - _____________ North-east

23. What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? 1950s-1970s Major locational factors: - ________________ Raw materials - ________________ Power resources - ________________ Government policy Main location: - Shift to ________areas inland

24. What is the spatial distribution of the iron and steel industry in China? 1980s onwards Major locational factors: - ________________ Government policy - ________________ ________________ Technological advancements - Increase the locational pull of _________ markets Main location: - Shift to _________regions coastal

25. Has there been any industrial inertia in the iron and steel industry in China? Have you noticed which major iron and steel centre thrives throughout the period from the 1950s to present? ___________ in Liaoning Anshan Reasons: - Building new steel plants elsewhere is costly - Moving the ___________ is costly machinery • If _________ costs > costs ________________ Why? moving saved by moving  industry may stay behind Industrial ________ inertia

26. Has there been any industrial inertia in the iron and steel industry in China? Presence of infrastructure Are there any other reasons for Anshan to remain as one of the major iron and steel centresin China? Goodtransport Agglomeration economies Long history of development

27. Production Consumption 468 Iron ore (million tonnes) 336 Electricity (million tonnes of coal equivalent) 1,846 1,970 What are the problems of the iron and steel industry in China? Problems that the industry faces This table shows the production and consumption amount of iron ore and electricity in China in 2004. What problem does the iron and steel industry in China face?

28. Production Consumption 468 Iron ore (million tonnes) 336 Electricity (million tonnes of coal equivalent) 1,846 1,970 What are the problems of the iron and steel industry in China? Problems that the industry faces There is a __________ of raw materials and electricity. shortage China is now the largest iron ore importer in the world. Besides the problem above, transporting raw materials and finished steel products has also imposed great pressure on the ________ and __________ sectors. railway shipping

29. What are the problems of the iron and steel industry in China? Problems caused by the industry Environmental problems produces Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Sulphur dioxide (SO2)and nitrogen oxides (NOx) Carbon dioxide (CO2) + + Water droplets Water vapour Globalwarming Smog Acid rain

30. What are the problems of the iron and steel industry in China? Problems caused by the industry Socio-economic problems ______________ of iron and steel works Modernization  outdated,medium- and small-scale iron and steel works… OR Closed Closed Closed Restructured Restructured Workers are laid off __________________ problems Socio- economic _______________ Unemployment

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32. Imports of iron ore in China, 1980-2004 What is the trend of the imports of iron ore in China? How does this trend affect the location of iron and steel industry? Increasing. The industry tends to locate in coastal regions.

33. Exports of steel products in China, 1980-2004 What is the trend of the exports of steel products in China? How does this trend affect the location of iron and steel industry? Increasing. The industry tends to locate in coastal regions.