1 / 11

IX. Human Disorders

This overview explores human genetic disorders, particularly sex-linked conditions like colorblindness and hemophilia, which affect males more frequently due to their X chromosome linkage. It highlights chromosomal disorders such as Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes, and Down syndrome. Advanced genetic techniques are also discussed, including DNA analysis, amniocentesis for prenatal testing, and gene therapy to replace faulty genes. Additionally, the role of genetic engineering in creating transgenic organisms and the significance of cloning and stem cells is examined.

elizabeth-savage
Télécharger la présentation

IX. Human Disorders

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. IX.HumanDisorders • Sex-linkeddisorders • Thesegenesarefoundon theX chromosome. • Colorblindness– 1 in 10 males; 1 in100females • Hemophilia– lack bloodclottingprotein; affects1 in • 10,000 males • Whyare sex-linked disordersmore common in males? • ChromosomalDisorders • Mostcommonarenon-disjunction • Non-disjunctionis the failureof chromosomes to separate duringmeiosis,resultingindaughtercellswithanabnormal number ofchromosomes

  2. IX.HumanDisorders • E.ChromosomalDisorderscont. • Turner’sSyndrome • FemalesmissingoneoftheXchromosomes(X0) • Sterileandveryshortbuthavenormal intelligence. • Klinefelter’sSyndrome • MaleswithanextraXchromosome • (XXY). • b)Sterileandcanhaveseveralfemale • characteristics

  3. IX.HumanDisorders • DownSyndrome • Haveextra21stchromosome • Commoninchildrenofmothersover40 • Dwarfs,mentallyretardedandusuallyhave heartproblems.

  4. X.HumanMolecular Genetics • DNAanalysis • Testing for alleles • Prospective parents can geta genetictestfor hundredsof disorders(e.g. Tay-Sachs, CF) • Scientists lookfor differences inDNAsequenceon specific genes • DNAfingerprinting • Analyzessections of DNAthat are believedto have littletono function • Highlyvariedfromhuman to human • Usedtoconvictcriminalsand freewronglyconvicted

  5. X.HumanMolecular Genetics • Amniocentesis • Involvesremovingsomefluidfromthewoman’s • womb. • Usedtoconductgenetictestsfordisordersand • diseases

  6. X.HumanMolecular Genetics • GeneTherapy • Anabsentor faulty geneis replacedby anormal, workinggene • Bodyis thenabletomakethe correctprotein, • eliminatingthedisorder • Modifiedvirusesare sometimes used toinsert the correctedgeneinto human cells • Normalhemoglobingene • Bonemarrowcell • Nucleus • Chromosomes Bonemarrow Genetically engineeredvirus

  7. XI.Genetic Engineering • TransgenicOrganismsorGMO • (geneticallymodifiedorganism) • GMOscontaingenesfromanotherspecies • Transgenicbacteria– • Reproducerapidly • Easytogrow • Produceimportantsubstancesex:humaninsulin and proteins • Transgenicplants– major part of USagriculture; weed resistance, insecticides,vitaminenriched • Transgenicanimals–growthhormones inlivestock, resistancetobacterial infections, productionofhuman proteins

  8. XI.Genetic Engineering In1996,scientistsinsertedthegeneforluciferase(enzymethatcausesfirefliestoglow)intoatobaccoplant…

  9. XI. Genetic Engineering • Cloning • Clone=individualwithgenetically identicalcellsproducedfroma singlecell • Naturalclonesareidenticaltwins • In1997,1stclonedmammal-a • sheepnamedDolly • Successfullyclonedcows,pigs, mules,cats,miceandothermammals • 1sthumancellsclonedin2001(foruseasstemcells) 44

  10. Donor Nucleus Thesetwocellsare fusedusingan electricshock. FusedCell EggCell Thenucleusof theeggcellis removed. Aneggcellis takenfroman adultfemale sheep. Embryo ClonedLamb Thefused cellbeginsdividingnormally. Theembryodevelopsnormallyintoa lamb—Dolly Theembryoisplacedintheuterusofa fostermother. Foster Mother C.Cloningprocess 45

  11. XI. Genetic Engineering D.StemCells Stemcell:anundifferentiatedcellthathasthe potentialtoturnintoanyofthe220differentcellsin thebody. 46

More Related