兒童網站之設計

1. 資訊結構與網站設計 兒童網站之設計 謝寶煖 台灣大學圖書資訊學系

2. 兒童網站 • 專為兒童而設計之網站 • 教育 • 娛樂 • 主流網站之兒童版 • 服務 • 塑造品牌忠誠

3. how children actually use websites or how to design sites that will be easy for them to use

4. Kids' Corner: Website Usability for Children Jakob Nielsen's Alertbox, April 14, 2002 http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20020414.html • Usability of Websites for Children:70 design guidelines based on usability studies with kids • usability studies with 55 children who varied in age from 6 to 12 (first through fifth graders). We tested 39 kids in the United States and 16 in Israel, to broaden the international applicability of our recommendations • Observing the children interacting with 24 sites designed for children, and three mainstream sites designed for adults (Amazon, Yahoo!, and Weather.com).

5. Usability Problems Hurt Kids • kids' lack of patience in the face of complexity, resulted in many simply leaving websites. A fourth-grader said, "When I don know what to do on a Web page, I just go look for something else." • children don't like slow downloads any more than adults do. As one first-grade girl said, "Make it go faster! Maybe if I click it, it will go faster..." • 小朋友的設備多為基本型，避免太複雜的技術

6. types of classic Web usability problems caused difficulties for the kids in our study: • Unclear navigational confirmation of the user's location confused users both within sites and when leaving them. • Inconsistent navigation options, where the same destination was referred to in different ways, caused users to visit the same feature repeatedly, because they didn't know they had already been there. • Non-standard interaction techniques caused predictable problems, such as making it impossible for users to select their preferred game using a "games machine." • Lack of perceived clickability affordances, such as overly flat graphics, caused users to miss features because they overlooked the links. • Fancy wording in interfaces confused users and prevented them from understanding the available choices.

7. Age-Appropriate Content • kids are keenly aware of their age At one website, a six-year-old said, "This website is for babies, maybe four or five years old. You can tell because of the cartoons and trains."

8. Differences between Children and Adult Users • Animation and sound effects were positive design elements for children; they often created a good first impression that encouraged users to stay with a site. • Children were willing to "mine-sweep," scrubbing the screen with the mouse either to find clickable areas or simply to enjoy the sound effects that different screen elements played. • Geographic navigation metaphors worked: Kids liked the pictures of rooms, villages, 3D maps, or other simulated environments that served as an overview and entry point to various site or subsite features. • Children rarely scrolled pages and mainly interacted with information that was visible above the fold. (We also observed this behavior among adult Web users in 1994, but our more recent studies show that adults now tend to scroll Web pages.) • Half of our young users were willing to read instructions; indeed, they often preferred to read a paragraph or so of instructions before starting a new game. In contrast, most adult users hate instructions and try to use websites without having to read about what they are supposed to do.

9. children click website advertisements • cannot yet distinguish between content and advertising

10. Cool Content, Simple Interaction • Children want content that is entertaining, funny, colorful, and uses multimedia effects. However, for homepage design and navigation systems, the user interface should be unobtrusive and let kids get to the content as simply as possible. Children enjoy exploration and games, but it should not be a challenge to operate the website itself. The content should be cool, but the design must offer high usability or kids will go elsewhere.

11. ABC News 4 Kidshttp://abcnews.go.com/abcnews4kids/kids/index.html GRADE LEVEL: 3-8 Alfy http://www.alfy.com/ Belmont Bank Kids' corner Bonus Boom Free Zone Fun Brain Galim Game Brain Game Goo Kids Korner Kids.co.il Kids.com Loop MaMaMedia Playhouse Disney http://disney.go.com/playhouse/today/ Sesame Street Sport Illustrated for Kids Squigly's Playhouse The Kidz Page Willy Wonka Yahooligans! http://yahooligans.yahoo.com/ Yoyo Zeeks

12. Usability of Websites for Teenagers • Jakob Nielsen's Alertbox, January 31, 2005 • Teens in our study reported using the Internet for: • School assignments • Hobbies or other special interests • Entertainment (including music and games) • News • Learning about health issues that they're too embarrassed to talk about • E-commerce http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20050131.html

13. tested sites in the following genres: • School resources (BBC Schools, California State University, and SparkNotes) • Health (Australian Drug Foundation, KidsHealth, National Institute on Drug Abuse) • News and entertainment (BBC Teens, ChannelOne.com, MTV, and The Orange County Register) • E-commerce (American Eagle Outfitters, Apple, Volcom) • Corporate sites (McDonald's, Pepsi-Cola, The Principal Financial Group, and Procter & Gamble) • Government (Australian Government main portal, California's Department of Motor Vehicles, and the U.S. White House) • Non-profits (Alzheimer's Association, The Insite, Museum of Tolerance, National Wildlife Federation)

14. Misconceptions About Teenagers • teens are technowizards who surf the Web with abandon. • Teenagers are not in fact superior Web geniuses who can use anything a site throws at them. • We measured a success rate of only 55 percent for the teenage users in this study, which is substantially lower than the 66 percent success rate we found for adult users in our latest broad test of a wide range of websites. • The success rate indicates the proportion of times users were able to complete a representative and perfectly feasible task on the target site. Thus, anything less than 100 percent represents a design failure and lost business for the site.

15. Teens' poor performance is caused by three factors • insufficient reading skills • less sophisticated research strategies • a dramatically lower patience level.

16. teens like cool-looking graphics and that they pay more attention to a website's visual appearance than adult users do. • the sites that our teen users rated the highest for subjective satisfaction were sites with a relatively modest, clean design. They typically marked down overly glitzy sites as too difficult to use. • Teenagers like to do stuff on the Web, and dislike sites that are slow or that look fancy but behave clumsily.

17. Why are there so many misconceptions about teens? • First, most people in charge of websites are at the extreme high end of the brainpower/techno-enthusiasm curve. These people are highly educated and very smart early adopters, and they spend a lot of time online. Most of the teens they know share these characteristics. Rarely do people in the top 5 percent spend any significant time with the 80 percent of the population who constitute the mainstream audience. • Second, when you know several teenagers, the one super-user in the bunch is most likely to stand out in memory and serve as the "typical teen" persona, even though he or she is actually the outlier. Teens who don't volunteer to fix your VCR when it's blinking "12:00" are not the ones you remember.

18. No Boring Sites • Teenagers don't like to read a lot on the Web • teenagers don't like tiny font sizes • What's good? • The following interactive features all worked well because they let teens do things rather than simply sit and read: • Online quizzes • Forms for providing feedback or asking questions • Online voting • Games • Features for sharing pictures or stories • Message boards • Forums for offering and receiving advice • Features for creating a website or otherwise adding content • These interactive features allow teenagers to make their mark on the Internet and express themselves in various ways -- some small, some big.

19. Differences Between Age Groups

20. Great Web Sites for Kids Selection Criteria Established by the first ALSC Children and Technology Committee, 1997http://www.ala.org/ala/alsc/greatwebsites/greatwebsitesforkids/greatwebsites.htm（Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC) ）

21. Great Web Sites for Kids • Yahoo Kidshttp://yahooligans.yahoo.com • Web Monkey For Kids. http://hotwired.lycos.com/webmonkey/kids/ • Walking with Dinosaurs http://www.bbc.co.uk/dinosaurs/index.shtml • National Zoo, Washington, D.C. http://natzoo.si.edu • Berenstain Bears http://www.berenstainbears.com • Zoom By Kids, For Kids. http://pbskids.org/zoom/ • National Inventors Hall of Fame. http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/1_0_0_hall_of_fame.asp • http://www.ala.org/gwstemplate.cfm?section=greatwebsites&template=/cfapps/gws/default.cfm

22. 兒童網站設計原則 • Portal objectives • Information: retrieve information to support leisure activities or school-based projects & assignments • Education: promote learning • Entertainment: leisure and fun • History Trek • 9~12 歲 • 2300網站之超連結

23. http://132.206.199.46/

24. Canadian EncyclopediaTry the QUIZ of the day

25. 兒童網站設計原則 • Metaphor（隱喻） • 減少認知負擔 • 幫助使用者建立自己的心智模式 • Ask for Kids

27. 兒童網站設計原則 • Visual design （視覺設計） • 確保每個項目都清晰可辨（夠大夠清楚） • 兒童不喜歡白色或螢幕上的空白，甚至是白色的背景 • 喜歡亮的顏色，可以馬上吸引兒童的注意力 • 個人化：History Trek讓小朋友自己選角色 • 卡通、動畫人物要符合其期待 • 字型、字體大小

28. http://www.kidsclick.org/ 不常用

29. 兒童網站設計原則 • Icons • 圖與內容要搭配如用TV表示Art & Entertainment與小朋友的想法不一致(Yahooligans!舊版) • Portal Names • 名字很重要 • 傳達網站目的與吸引小朋友注意，還要有趣Yahooligans小朋友喜歡Ask Jeeves for kids小朋友不知道他是誰

30. 兒童網站設計原則 • Characterization • 小朋友熟悉、喜歡 • 加拿大的History Trek人物是擬人化的一片楓葉，目的是幫助小朋友(help)，還可以自己選造型 • Terminology • 適合預設的使用者群 • Advertisements • 不喜歡廣告

31. 兒童網站設計原則 • Retrieval Capabilities • 較易表達完整的句子，而非關鍵詞 • Ask for Kids

33. http://kids.yahoo.com/

34. Andrew Large’s Researches • Large, A. (2005). Children, teenagers, and the Web. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 39, 347-392. • Large, A., & Beheshti, J. (2005). Interface design, web portals, and children. Library Trends, 54(2), 318-342. • Large, A., Beheshti, J., & Cole, C. (2002). Information architecture for the Web: The IA matrix approach to designing children's portals. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 53(10), 831-838. • Large, A., Beheshti, J., Nesset, V., & Bowler, L. (2004). Designing Web portals in intergenerational teams: Two prototype portals for elementary school students. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 55(13), 1140-1154. • Large, A., Nesset, V., Beheshti, J., & Bowler, L. (2004). Criteria for children's web portals: A comparison of two studies. Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science-Revue Canadienne Des Sciences De L Information Et De Bibliotheconomie, 28(4), 45-72. • Large, A., Nesset, V., Beheshti, J., & Bowler, L. (2006). "Bonded design": A novel approach to intergenerational information technology design. Library & Information Science Research, 28(1), 64-82.

35. 台北市立動物園全球資訊網注音版 http://www.zoo.gov.tw/ • 玉山國家公園兒童版 http://www.ysnp.gov.tw/kids/index.htm • 小蕃薯 http://kids.yam.com/ • 我的E政府：兒童館http://topic.www.gov.tw/kids/ • 清蔚園？ http://vm.nthu.edu.tw/ • 國教專業社群網（九年一貫） http://teach.eje.edu.tw/（for teacher）