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Occupational Structure and National Paths of Development: A Comparative Analysis of Germany

This presentation examines the changes in Germany's occupational structure over time and how they are influenced by national development paths. It explores the different work logics and orientations, as well as the factors that have led to structural shifts in the occupational classes. The presentation also discusses the multidimensional causes of these shifts, including rising competence, efficiency, transnational outsourcing, and social discrimination. It analyzes the impact of these changes on income classes and the dynamics of inequality in Germany.

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Occupational Structure and National Paths of Development: A Comparative Analysis of Germany

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  1. Beschäftigungsstruktur und nationale Wege der Entwicklung: Eine neue vergleichende Analyse am Beispiel Deutschlands [Occupational Structure and National Paths of Development: A New Comparative Analysis and the German Example] Vortrag auf der Tagung Ungleichheiten. Wandel der urbanen Arbeitskräfte KRYTIKA POLITYCZNA - WARSZAWA 8. Oktober 2015

  2. 2.1. Example of a Linear Definition of Structural Change German Active Population according to „Occupational Position“ 1882-2010

  3. Example of a Linear Definition of Structural ChangeGerman Active Population 1950-2010 according to the Three-Sector Model :

  4. Work Logics According to Oeschand Basic Work Orientations According to Durkheim

  5. The Eighteen Occupational Classes in GermanyFour Ranks of Qualification – Three Sectors – Two Employment Relations and the Division of Service Occupations into Ten Fields

  6. Occupational StructuresAccording to National Institutional Pathsof Germany (2000), Sweden (2000) and Great Britain (1999)- Grey Fields: more than 45 per cent of Women - .

  7. Vertical Competence Shifts in the German Occupational Structure 1991-2011 Rise centered in the Employee Middle, not in a Knowledge Society Top

  8. The Long-Run Change of Occupational Qualification Levelsin Germany 1991-2011- Growing Occupational Groups are shown as Grey Fields -

  9. Structural Shifts between the Occupational Classes in Germany from 1991 to 2011According to the Modified Model of Oesch .1 per cent = ca. 37.445.000 (1991) resp. ca. 38.916.000 (2011) active persons▲ moderate growth ▲▲ accelerated growth▼ moderate decrease ▼▼ accelerated decrease

  10. Restructuringthe German Industrial Export Model: Shifts in theOccupationalStructure 1991-2011 Multidimensional CausesofStructuralShifts ● Rising Competence byOccupationalSpecialization ● Rising Efficiency byEmployers‘ Work Moderation ● Drain byTransnational Outsourcing ● Privilegiationby National Fiscaland Legal Policies ● DiscriminationbySocial, Gender, Migrant Group andRegional Belonging

  11. Restructuringthe German Industrial Export Model Shifts in theOccupationalStructure1991-2011 1 per cent = ca. 37.445.000 (1991) resp. ca. 38.916.000 (2011) active persons Horizontal SectoralShifts TowardsteSelf-Employed: 9,5% - 12,6% = + 3,0% ↗ ↗ ● Large & Medium Employers (over 9 Employees) Moderate Increase: 1.1% - 1.4% = + 0,3% ↗ ● Self-Employed Professions - buffer for unemployed professionals Trebling: 0.9% - 2.6% = + 1.7%↗↗↗ ● Small Proprietors (1-9 Employees) Slight decrease: 3.4% - 3.2% = - 0.2% ↘ ● Small Proprietors Without Employees - buffer for unemployed Increase by more than one third: 4.1% - 5.3% = + 1.2%↗↗ = SectorgrowthresultsmainlyfromItsbufferfunction, absorbing ● ca. 700.000 Socio-Cultural, Technical & Administrative Professionals ● ca. 400.000 unemployed Semi-Professional, Skilledand Low SkilledEmployessand ca. 100.000 former Small ProprietorsWithEmployees

  12. Restructuringthe German Industrial Export Model Shifts in theOccupationalStructure 1991-2011 Territorial Disparities: Regional und Transnational ComplementaritiesandShifts ● The Microcenuswithitsannualsamplesofmorethan 180 000 casesalloweddetaileddataanalysesoftheoccupationalfieldsof all 16 German federalstates. ● A firstanalysisallowedtodistinguish at least fourdifferentregionaltypesofoccupationalstructure: East Germany; North West Germany; South Germany; thethree urban states. ● An explorative studyof Dr. Weber-Menges confirmedthattheItalian National Statistical Institute provides a datacorpuswhichis at least equal in qualityand sample size. ● The classificationsystemsofthe different national statisticsforthe total ofabout 2 300 occupationsare not entirelyequal but, at least forItaly, canbemadecompatiblewith a certainamountofworkforan international comparativeanalysis. al

  13. The Five Income Classes according to Groh-Samberg (2009)measured by the Average Individual Employee Income: (1) Secure Welfare (132% and more) (2) Modest Welfare (100% to less than 132%) (3) Instable Welfare (75% to less than 100%) (4) Precarity (50% to less than 75%) (5) Poverty (less than 50% of the Average)

  14. Income Classes in Germany from 1991 to 2011by Percentage of Average Employee IncomeFrom the “Orange Form” to the “Peanut Form” and the “Olive Form” Secure Welfare (132% & more) Modest Welfare (100% & more) Instable Welfare (75% & more) Precarity (50% & more) Poverty (below 50%)

  15. The Imbalance Between the Disadvantaged Periphery (grey fields)and the Privileged Core of the Export Dominated German Path

  16. Vertical and Horizontal Dynamics of Privilegiation and Precarization Income Cleavages by Occupational Groups in Germany 2011 (& differences to 1991)Poverty (below 50% of Average Income) – Precarityt (50 - under 75%) – instable Welfare (75 - under 100%), moderate Welfare (100 - under 132%) – secure Welfare (132% & more) .

  17. Dynamics of Inequality 1991-2011:Privilegiation and Precarization inside the German ModelDisparities of the Net Individual Employment Income

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