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Lesson starter

Lesson starter. Name the four bases found in DNA Which DNA bases pair together in complementary base pairing? What determines the order of amino acids found in protein? Name is the name of the three adjacent bases in an mRNA molecule called? Where in the cell is mRNA made?. Translation.

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Lesson starter

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  1. Lesson starter • Name the four bases found in DNA • Which DNA bases pair together in complementary base pairing? • What determines the order of amino acids found in protein? • Name is the name of the three adjacent bases in an mRNA molecule called? • Where in the cell is mRNA made?

  2. Translation Learning objectives: Describe, with the aid of diagrams, the way in which a nucleotide sequence codes for the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide, including the role of messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomes. State that cyclic AMP activates proteins by altering their three-dimensional structure

  3. Use the pictures to help you describe what you have learned so far. Summary So Far…

  4. What is happening here? What stage of protein synthesis is taking place? What molecule is being formed? Summary So Far…

  5. Nucleoli are found with in the nucleus dense with no membrane made of DNA, RNA and protein control RNA synthesis and other parts that make ribosomes ribosome parts are sent out of the nucleus to be assembled into ribosomes The Nucleolus

  6. Ribosomes Small, almost spherical. Manufactured in nucleolus in eukaryotic cells Found free in cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum Site of translation of mRNA into protein Contains enzymes essential for translation to occur Ribosomes

  7. Made of two subunits. What is significant about the groove in the middle of the ribosome? Groove in the middle is where mRNA code is fed through and read Assembly of amino acids in the correct sequence occurs here to make a functioning protein. Ribosomes

  8. Making the correct proteins • Amino acids joined by peptide bonds make the primary structure of protein • Explainhow the primary structure of a protein determines the tertiary structure • The primary structure determines the tertiary structure • How protein folds to made 3D structure • 3D structure is held in place by hydrogen/ionic bonds and hydrophobic interactions between R groups of amino acids • Tertiary structure is the functional protein. Therefore if the genetic sequence to make the primary structure is incorrect, the final protein will not function correctly.

  9. Translation • The completed strand of mRNA is made of many repeating nucleotides which contain 4 different bases (A, U, C, G) • A group of three bases (a triplet) is called a codon

  10. Translation • A second type of RNA is called transfer RNA (tRNA) which is also made in the nucleus but transferred into the cytoplasm • Molecules of tRNA have a set of triplet bases – these are known as anticodons • Anticodons have base sequences that are complementary to mRNA codons • At the top of tRNA molecule, there are 3 unpaired bases where a particular amino acid will join on to.

  11. Translation • The mRNA attaches itself to a ribosome and transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome. • The first amino acid in any polypeptide is usually methionine. The codon for this is AUG, which has come to be known as the initiation codon as a result. • The tRNA anticodon is therefore UAC. These attach together by complementary base pairing • The second tRNA molecule attaches itself to the next codon on the mRNA in the same way. • The two amino acids attached to the tRNA molecules are joined by a peptide bond. The first tRNA moves away, leaving the amino acid behind. • A third tRNA molecule binds to the next codon on the mRNA. Its amino acid binds to the first two and the second tRNA molecule moves away. • This process continues, producing a chain of linked amino acids (a polypeptide chain) until there is a stop codon on the mRNA molecule. • The polypeptide chain moves away from the ribosome and translation is complete.

  12. U U U A G C A U C G U A C G U A G C G A

  13. U U U A G C A U C G U A C G U A G C G A

  14. U U U A G C A U C G U A C G U A G C G A

  15. U U U A G C A U C G U A C G U A G C G A the mRNA leaves the nucleus via a pore in the nuclear membrane

  16. U U U A G C A U C G U A C G U A G C G A

  17. U U U A G C A U C G U A C G U A G C G A

  18. U U U A G C A U C G U A C G U A G C G A

  19. U U U A G C A U C G U A C G U A G C G A

  20. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C

  21. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C

  22. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C

  23. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C

  24. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C a ribosome binds to the mRNA

  25. codon U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C the genetic code is read in groups of 3 letters called codons

  26. codon codon codon codon codon codon codon U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C

  27. A A A aa1 codon codon codon codon codon codon codon U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C

  28. A A A aa1 codon codon codon codon codon codon codon U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C tRNA molecules have specific anticodons for each of the 20 amino acids anticodon

  29. A A A aa1 codon codon codon codon codon codon codon U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C anticodon

  30. A A A aa1 codon codon codon codon codon codon codon U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C

  31. A A A aa1 codon codon codon codon codon codon codon U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C

  32. A A A aa1 codon codon codon codon codon codon codon U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C the complementary anticodon is attracted to the first codon on the mRNA

  33. A A A G C U aa1 aa2 codon codon codon codon codon codon codon U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C

  34. A A A G C U aa1 aa2 codon codon codon codon codon codon codon U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C

  35. A A A G C U aa1 aa2 codon codon codon codon codon codon codon U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C

  36. A A A G C U aa1 aa2 codon codon codon codon codon codon codon U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C

  37. A A A G C U aa1 aa2 U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C the second codon also attracts its complementary anticodon

  38. A A A G C U aa1 aa2 U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C

  39. A A A G C U A C G aa2 aa2 U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C aa1 a peptide bond is formed

  40. G C U A A A A C G aa2 aa3 U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C aa1

  41. G C U A C G A A A aa2 aa3 U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C aa1

  42. A C G G C U aa3 U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C aa1 aa2

  43. A C G G C U U A G aa3 aa4 U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C aa1 aa2

  44. A C G U A G aa3 aa4 U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C the ribosome moves along the mRNA forming a polypeptide aa1 aa2

  45. U A G C G U aa4 aa5 U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C aa1 aa2 aa3

  46. C G U U G A aa5 aa6 U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A CU C G C aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4

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