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Halliday/Resnick/Walker Fundamentals of Physics

Halliday/Resnick/Walker Fundamentals of Physics. Classroom Response System Questions. Chapter 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Interactive Lecture Questions. 18.3.1. Which one of the following situations is described by the zeroth law of thermodynamics?

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Halliday/Resnick/Walker Fundamentals of Physics

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  1. Halliday/Resnick/WalkerFundamentals of Physics • Classroom Response System Questions Chapter 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics Interactive Lecture Questions

  2. 18.3.1. Which one of the following situations is described by the zeroth law of thermodynamics? a) An air conditioner transfers heat from the inside of a house to the outside of the house. b) A monatomic gas is held within a container that has a moveable piston. The gas absorbs heat from the surroundings and expands at constant pressure and temperature. c) A container with adiabatic walls holds boiling water. A thermometer is calibrated by inserting it into the boiling water and allowing it to reach thermal equilibrium with the water. d) A pot contains oil at 175 C. When frozen sliced potatoes are dropped into the oil, heat is transferred from the oil to the potatoes. e) A physicist removes energy from a system in her laboratory until it reaches a temperature of 3  1010 K, a temperature very close to (but still greater than) absolute zero.

  3. 18.3.1. Which one of the following situations is described by the zeroth law of thermodynamics? a) An air conditioner transfers heat from the inside of a house to the outside of the house. b) A monatomic gas is held within a container that has a moveable piston. The gas absorbs heat from the surroundings and expands at constant pressure and temperature. c) A container with adiabatic walls holds boiling water. A thermometer is calibrated by inserting it into the boiling water and allowing it to reach thermal equilibrium with the water. d) A pot contains oil at 175 C. When frozen sliced potatoes are dropped into the oil, heat is transferred from the oil to the potatoes. e) A physicist removes energy from a system in her laboratory until it reaches a temperature of 3  1010 K, a temperature very close to (but still greater than) absolute zero.

  4. 18.4.1. Which one of the following properties is not likely to be used as a temperature-sensitive property to construct a thermometer? a) The volume of a liquid increases with increasing temperature. b) A gas held within a constant volume container exhibits pressure changes with corresponding temperature changes. c) The length of a metal rod changes linearly with temperature. d) The mass of a solid decreases with increasing temperature. e) The electrical resistance of a wire increases with increasing temperature.

  5. 18.4.1. Which one of the following properties is not likely to be used as a temperature-sensitive property to construct a thermometer? a) The volume of a liquid increases with increasing temperature. b) A gas held within a constant volume container exhibits pressure changes with corresponding temperature changes. c) The length of a metal rod changes linearly with temperature. d) The mass of a solid decreases with increasing temperature. e) The electrical resistance of a wire increases with increasing temperature.

  6. 18.5.1. Unsatisfied with the Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales, you decide to create your own. On your temperature scale, the ice point is 0.0 M and the steam point is at 366.1 M, where “M” stands for “my scale.” What temperature on your scale corresponds to 0 K? a) 273.1 M b) 500.0 M c) 1000.0 M d) 732.4 M e) 633.9 M

  7. 18.5.1. Unsatisfied with the Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales, you decide to create your own. On your temperature scale, the ice point is 0.0 M and the steam point is at 366.1 M, where “M” stands for “my scale.” What temperature on your scale corresponds to 0 K? a) 273.1 M b) 500.0 M c) 1000.0 M d) 732.4 M e) 633.9 M

  8. 18.5.2. Three thermometers are used to measure the temperature inside a closed, insulated box. Thermometer A is calibrated in Fahrenheit degrees, thermometer B in Celsius degrees, and thermometer C in kelvins. When the thermometers reach thermal equilibrium with the interior of the box, B reads 40 C and C reads 233 K. Which one of the following statements is necessarily true? a) Thermometer C should read 233 K. b) Thermometer A must read –40 °F. c) If the temperature of the interior of the box is increased until A reads 20 F, thermometer B will read 10 C. d) Thermometer B should read 77 C. e) If the temperature of the interior of the box is increased until C reads 293 K, thermometer A will read 36 F.

  9. 18.5.2. Three thermometers are used to measure the temperature inside a closed, insulated box. Thermometer A is calibrated in Fahrenheit degrees, thermometer B in Celsius degrees, and thermometer C in kelvins. When the thermometers reach thermal equilibrium with the interior of the box, B reads 40 C and C reads 233 K. Which one of the following statements is necessarily true? a) Thermometer C should read 233 K. b) Thermometer A must read –40 °F. c) If the temperature of the interior of the box is increased until A reads 20 F, thermometer B will read 10 C. d) Thermometer B should read 77 C. e) If the temperature of the interior of the box is increased until C reads 293 K, thermometer A will read 36 F.

  10. 18.6.1. An artist wishes to insert a gold pin into a hole in an iron sculpture and have it held permanently. The pin is slightly larger than the hole. The coefficient of linear thermal expansion of gold is slightly larger than that of iron. Consider the following options: (1) increase the temperature of the pin and the sculpture by the same amount, (2) decrease the temperature of the pin and the sculpture by the same amount, (3) increase the temperature of the pin and decrease the temperature of the sculpture, and (4) decrease the temperature of the pin and increase the temperature of the sculpture. Which of the choices would most likely accomplish the artist’s task? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 2 and 4

  11. 18.6.1. An artist wishes to insert a gold pin into a hole in an iron sculpture and have it held permanently. The pin is slightly larger than the hole. The coefficient of linear thermal expansion of gold is slightly larger than that of iron. Consider the following options: (1) increase the temperature of the pin and the sculpture by the same amount, (2) decrease the temperature of the pin and the sculpture by the same amount, (3) increase the temperature of the pin and decrease the temperature of the sculpture, and (4) decrease the temperature of the pin and increase the temperature of the sculpture. Which of the choices would most likely accomplish the artist’s task? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 2 and 4

  12. 18.6.2. The length of an aluminum pendulum in a certain clock is 0.2480 m on a day when the temperature is 23.30 C. This length was chosen so that the period of the pendulum is exactly 1.000 s. The clock is then hung on a wall where the temperature is 5.00 C and set to the correct local time. Assuming the acceleration due to gravity is the same at both locations, by how much time is the clock incorrect after one day at this temperature? a) 69.3 s b) 115 s c) 87.2 s d) 31.0 s e) 11.5 s

  13. 18.6.2. The length of an aluminum pendulum in a certain clock is 0.2480 m on a day when the temperature is 23.30 C. This length was chosen so that the period of the pendulum is exactly 1.000 s. The clock is then hung on a wall where the temperature is 5.00 C and set to the correct local time. Assuming the acceleration due to gravity is the same at both locations, by how much time is the clock incorrect after one day at this temperature? a) 69.3 s b) 115 s c) 87.2 s d) 31.0 s e) 11.5 s

  14. 18.6.3. A rod of length L is heated so that its temperature increases by T. As a result, the length of the rod increases by L. The rod is thencut into two pieces, one of length L/3 and one of length 2L/3. What is the ratio of the change in length of the rod of length 2L/3 to L of the original rod when its temperature is increased by T? a) 1/3 b) 2/3 c) 1 d) 3/2 e) 3

  15. 18.6.3. A rod of length L is heated so that its temperature increases by T. As a result, the length of the rod increases by L. The rod is thencut into two pieces, one of length L/3 and one of length 2L/3. What is the ratio of the change in length of the rod of length 2L/3 to L of the original rod when its temperature is increased by T? a) 1/3 b) 2/3 c) 1 d) 3/2 e) 3

  16. 18.6.4. Which one of the following statements is the best explanation for the fact that metal pipes that carry water often burst during cold winter months? a) Both the metal and the water expand, but the water expands to a greater extent. b) Water contracts upon freezing while the metal expands at lower temperatures. c) The metal contracts to a greater extent than the water. d) The interior of the pipe contracts less than the outside of the pipe. e) Water expands upon freezing while the metal contracts at lower temperatures.

  17. 18.6.4. Which one of the following statements is the best explanation for the fact that metal pipes that carry water often burst during cold winter months? a) Both the metal and the water expand, but the water expands to a greater extent. b) Water contracts upon freezing while the metal expands at lower temperatures. c) The metal contracts to a greater extent than the water. d) The interior of the pipe contracts less than the outside of the pipe. e) Water expands upon freezing while the metal contracts at lower temperatures.

  18. 18.6.5. Consider the four blocks made from the same material that are shown in the drawing. The sides have lengths of L, 2L, or 3L. Rank these blocks according to their expected increase, largest to smallest, in their volumes when their temperatures are increased by the same amount. a) B > C > A > D b) C > B > A > D c) D > C > A > B d) C > D > B > A e) All would have the same increase in volume.

  19. 18.6.5. Consider the four blocks made from the same material that are shown in the drawing. The sides have lengths of L, 2L, or 3L. Rank these blocks according to their expected increase, largest to smallest, in their volumes when their temperatures are increased by the same amount. a) B > C > A > D b) C > B > A > D c) D > C > A > B d) C > D > B > A e) All would have the same increase in volume.

  20. 18.6.6. A square piece of metal has a hole drilled through its center. If the metal piece is uniformly heated, what is the effect on the hole? a) The diameter of the hole will decrease, but remain open, as the temperature increases. b) The diameter of the hole will increase as the temperature increases. c) The diameter of the hole will not change, but the area of the square will increase as the temperature increases. d) The diameter of the hole may either increase or decrease depending on the type of metal.

  21. 18.6.6. A square piece of metal has a hole drilled through its center. If the metal piece is uniformly heated, what is the effect on the hole? a) The diameter of the hole will decrease, but remain open, as the temperature increases. b) The diameter of the hole will increase as the temperature increases. c) The diameter of the hole will not change, but the area of the square will increase as the temperature increases. d) The diameter of the hole may either increase or decrease depending on the type of metal.

  22. 18.7.1. Why is water often used as a coolant in automobiles, other than the fact that it is abundant? a) Water expands very little as it is heated. b) The freezing temperature of water has a relatively large value. c) The specific heat of water is relatively small and its temperature can be rapidly decreased. d) The specific heat of water is relatively large and it can store a great deal of thermal energy. e) Water does not easily change into a gas.

  23. 18.7.1. Why is water often used as a coolant in automobiles, other than the fact that it is abundant? a) Water expands very little as it is heated. b) The freezing temperature of water has a relatively large value. c) The specific heat of water is relatively small and its temperature can be rapidly decreased. d) The specific heat of water is relatively large and it can store a great deal of thermal energy. e) Water does not easily change into a gas.

  24. 18.8.1. A certain amount of heat Q is added to materials A, B, and C. The masses of these three materials are 0.04 kg, 0.01 kg, and 0.02 kg, respectively. The temperature of material A increases by 4.0 C while the temperature of the other two materials increases by only 3.0 C. Rank these three materials from the largest specific heat capacity to the smallest value. a) A > B > C b) C > B > A c) B > A > C d) B = C > A e) A > B = C

  25. 18.8.1. A certain amount of heat Q is added to materials A, B, and C. The masses of these three materials are 0.04 kg, 0.01 kg, and 0.02 kg, respectively. The temperature of material A increases by 4.0 C while the temperature of the other two materials increases by only 3.0 C. Rank these three materials from the largest specific heat capacity to the smallest value. a) A > B > C b) C > B > A c) B > A > C d) B = C > A e) A > B = C

  26. 18.8.2. A swimming pool has a width of 9.0 m and a length of 12.0 m. The depth of the water is 1.83 m. One morning, the temperature of the pool water was 15.0 C. The water then absorbed 2.00  109 J of heat from the Sun. What is the final temperature of the water? Assume no heat loss to the surroundings. a) 16.9 C b) 18.1 C c) 17.4 C d) 19.6 C e) 20.2 C

  27. 18.8.2. A swimming pool has a width of 9.0 m and a length of 12.0 m. The depth of the water is 1.83 m. One morning, the temperature of the pool water was 15.0 C. The water then absorbed 2.00  109 J of heat from the Sun. What is the final temperature of the water? Assume no heat loss to the surroundings. a) 16.9 C b) 18.1 C c) 17.4 C d) 19.6 C e) 20.2 C

  28. 18.8.3. Which of the following substances would be the most effective in cooling 0.300 kg of water at 98 C? a) 0.100 kg of lead at 22 C b) 0.100 kg of water at 22 C c) 0.100 kg of glass at 22 C d) 0.100 kg of aluminum at 22 C e) 0.100 kg of copper at 22 C

  29. 18.8.3. Which of the following substances would be the most effective in cooling 0.300 kg of water at 98 C? a) 0.100 kg of lead at 22 C b) 0.100 kg of water at 22 C c) 0.100 kg of glass at 22 C d) 0.100 kg of aluminum at 22 C e) 0.100 kg of copper at 22 C

  30. 18.8.4. Britanny’s normal body temperature is 36.5 C. When she recently became ill, her body temperature increased to 38.0 C. What was the minimum amount of heat required for this increase in body temperature if her weight is 561 N? a) 2.96  106 J b) 3.50  103 J c) 4.98  104 J d) 3.00  105 J e) 7.60  105 J

  31. 18.8.4. Britanny’s normal body temperature is 36.5 C. When she recently became ill, her body temperature increased to 38.0 C. What was the minimum amount of heat required for this increase in body temperature if her weight is 561 N? a) 2.96  106 J b) 3.50  103 J c) 4.98  104 J d) 3.00  105 J e) 7.60  105 J

  32. 18.8.5. Four 1-kg cylinders are heated to 100 C and placed on top of a block of paraffin wax, which melts at 63 C. There is one cylinder made from lead, one of copper, one of aluminum, and one of iron. After a few minutes, it is observed that the cylinders have sunk into the paraffin to differing depths. Rank the depths of the cylinders from deepest to shallowest. a) lead > iron > copper > aluminum b) aluminum > copper > lead > iron c) aluminum > iron > copper > lead d) copper > aluminum > iron > lead e) iron > copper > lead > aluminum

  33. 18.8.5. Four 1-kg cylinders are heated to 100 C and placed on top of a block of paraffin wax, which melts at 63 C. There is one cylinder made from lead, one of copper, one of aluminum, and one of iron. After a few minutes, it is observed that the cylinders have sunk into the paraffin to differing depths. Rank the depths of the cylinders from deepest to shallowest. a) lead > iron > copper > aluminum b) aluminum > copper > lead > iron c) aluminum > iron > copper > lead d) copper > aluminum > iron > lead e) iron > copper > lead > aluminum

  34. 18.8.6. Heat is added to a substance, but its temperature does not increase. Which one of the following statements provides the best explanation for this observation? a) The substance has unusual thermal properties. b) The substance must be cooler than its environment. c) The substance must be a gas. d) The substance must be an imperfect solid. e) The substance undergoes a change of phase.

  35. 18.8.6. Heat is added to a substance, but its temperature does not increase. Which one of the following statements provides the best explanation for this observation? a) The substance has unusual thermal properties. b) The substance must be cooler than its environment. c) The substance must be a gas. d) The substance must be an imperfect solid. e) The substance undergoes a change of phase.

  36. 18.8.7. What is the final temperature when 2.50  105 J are added to 0.950 kg of ice at 0.0 C? a) 0.0 C b) 4.2 C c) 15.7 C d) 36.3 C e) 62.8 C

  37. 18.8.7. What is the final temperature when 2.50  105 J are added to 0.950 kg of ice at 0.0 C? a) 0.0 C b) 4.2 C c) 15.7 C d) 36.3 C e) 62.8 C

  38. 18.8.8. By adding 25 kJ to solid material A, 4.0 kg will melt. By adding 50 kJ to solid material B, 6.0 kg will melt. Solid material C requires 30 kJ to melt 3.0 kg. Which of these materials, if any, has the largest value for the heat of fusion? a) A b) B c) C d) A = B

  39. 18.8.8. By adding 25 kJ to solid material A, 4.0 kg will melt. By adding 50 kJ to solid material B, 6.0 kg will melt. Solid material C requires 30 kJ to melt 3.0 kg. Which of these materials, if any, has the largest value for the heat of fusion? a) A b) B c) C d) A = B

  40. 18.8.9. Consider the system shown in the drawing. A test tube containing water is inserted into boiling water. Will the water in the test tube eventually boil? a) Yes, heat is continually transferred to the water inside the test tube and eventually it will boil? b) Yes, the pressure above the water in the test tube will be reduced to less than atmospheric pressure and cause the water to boil. c) No, heat will only be transferred until the water in the test tube is 100 C. d) No, the temperature of the water in the test tube will never reach 100 C.

  41. 18.8.9. Consider the system shown in the drawing. A test tube containing water is inserted into boiling water. Will the water in the test tube eventually boil? a) Yes, heat is continually transferred to the water inside the test tube and eventually it will boil? b) Yes, the pressure above the water in the test tube will be reduced to less than atmospheric pressure and cause the water to boil. c) No, heat will only be transferred until the water in the test tube is 100 C. d) No, the temperature of the water in the test tube will never reach 100 C.

  42. 18.10.1. An insulated container is filled with a mixture of water and ice at zero C. An electric heating element inside the container is used to add 1680 J of heat to the system while a paddle does 450 J of work by stirring. What is the increase in the internal energy of the ice-water system? a) 450 J b) 1230 J c) 1680 J d) 2130 J e) zero J

  43. 18.10.1. An insulated container is filled with a mixture of water and ice at zero C. An electric heating element inside the container is used to add 1680 J of heat to the system while a paddle does 450 J of work by stirring. What is the increase in the internal energy of the ice-water system? a) 450 J b) 1230 J c) 1680 J d) 2130 J e) zero J

  44. 18.10.2. The internal energy of a system increases during some time interval. Which one of the following statements concerning this situation must be true? a) The increase in internal energy indicates that work was done on the system. b) The increase in internal energy indicates that heat was added to the system. c) The increase in internal energy indicates that work was done by the system. d) The increase in internal energy indicates that heat was removed from the system. e) The information given is insufficient to indicate the reason for the increase.

  45. 18.10.2. The internal energy of a system increases during some time interval. Which one of the following statements concerning this situation must be true? a) The increase in internal energy indicates that work was done on the system. b) The increase in internal energy indicates that heat was added to the system. c) The increase in internal energy indicates that work was done by the system. d) The increase in internal energy indicates that heat was removed from the system. e) The information given is insufficient to indicate the reason for the increase.

  46. 18.10.3. A gas is enclosed in a cylinder by a piston. The volume of the gas is then reduced to one half its original value by applying a force to the piston. Which one of the following statements concerning the internal energy of the gas is true? a) The internal energy of the gas will decrease. b) The internal energy of the gas will increase. c) The internal energy of the gas will neither increase nor decrease. d) The internal energy of the gas will equal the work done in moving the piston. e) The internal energy of the gas may increase, decrease, or remain the same depending on the amount of heat that is gained or lost by the gas.

  47. 18.10.3. A gas is enclosed in a cylinder by a piston. The volume of the gas is then reduced to one half its original value by applying a force to the piston. Which one of the following statements concerning the internal energy of the gas is true? a) The internal energy of the gas will decrease. b) The internal energy of the gas will increase. c) The internal energy of the gas will neither increase nor decrease. d) The internal energy of the gas will equal the work done in moving the piston. e) The internal energy of the gas may increase, decrease, or remain the same depending on the amount of heat that is gained or lost by the gas.

  48. 18.10.4. Which one of the following statements is not consistent with the first law of thermodynamics? a) The internal energy of a finite system must be finite. b) An engine may be constructed such that the work done by the machine exceeds the energy input to the engine. c) An isolated system that is thermally insulated cannot do work on its surroundings nor can work be done on the system. d) The internal energy of a system decreases when it does work on its surroundings and there is no flow of heat. e) An engine may be constructed that gains energy while heat is transferred to it and work is done on it.

  49. 18.10.4. Which one of the following statements is not consistent with the first law of thermodynamics? a) The internal energy of a finite system must be finite. b) An engine may be constructed such that the work done by the machine exceeds the energy input to the engine. c) An isolated system that is thermally insulated cannot do work on its surroundings nor can work be done on the system. d) The internal energy of a system decreases when it does work on its surroundings and there is no flow of heat. e) An engine may be constructed that gains energy while heat is transferred to it and work is done on it.

  50. 18.11.1. Consider the pressure-versus-volume plot shown. There are eight points labeled and the choices below indicate possible multi-step processes. In which one of the processes does the work done have the largest value? a) GHBD b) GFBD c) HABD d) EDFH e) CBFG

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