Describe the nature of the adjusting process.

1. 0 3 - The Adjusting Process After studying this chapter, you should be able to: • Describe the nature of the adjusting process. • Journalize entries for accounts requiring adjustment. • Summarize the adjustment process. • Prepare an adjusted trial balance.

2. 0 Objective 1 - Describe the nature of the adjusting process. 3-1 Under the cash basis ofaccounting, revenues and expenses are reported in the income statement in the period in which cash is received or paid. E.g. Some Government Accounting Under the accrual basis ofaccounting, revenues are reported in the income statement in the period in which they are earned.

3. 0 3-1 Our focus in the course will be on the accrual basis ofaccounting i..e. revenues are reported in the income statement in the period in which they are earned. The accounting concept that supports this approachtoreporting of revenues is called therevenue recognition concept. Expenses are reported in the same period as the revenue to which they relate. The accounting concept that supports reporting revenues and related expenses in the same period is called the matching concept, or matching principle.

4. 0 3-1 Some accounts may need to updated at the end of an accounting period e.g. Supplies vs Supplies Expense The analysis and updating of accounts at the end of the period before the financial statements are prepared is called the adjusting process. The journal entries that bring the accounts up to date at the end of the accounting period are called adjusting entries.

5. 0 3-1 Items That Need Adjusting - 1 Prepaid expenses, sometimes referred to as deferred expenses, are items that have been initially recorded as assets but are expected to become expenses over time or through the normal operations of the business. “Cash is paid for the service/expense before the service/expense is used”

6. 0 3-1 Items That Need Adjusting - 2 Unearned revenues, sometimes referred to as deferred revenues, are items that have been initially recorded as liabilities but are expected to become revenues over time or through the normal operations of the business. “Cash is collected before service is rendered”

7. 0 3-1 Items That Need Adjusting - 3 Accrued revenues, sometimes referred to as accrued assets (accrued means unpaid), are revenues that have been earned but have not been recorded in the accounts. “Services rendered for which cash has not yet been collected”

8. 0 3-1 Items That Need Adjusting - 4 Accrued expenses, sometimes referred to as accrued liabilities, are expenses that have been incurred but have not been recorded in the accounts. “The service has been used or the expense incurred, but the cash has not been paid”

9. Example Exercise 3-2 0 3-1 Classify the following items as (1) prepaid expense, (2) unearned revenue, (3) accrued expense, or (4) accrued revenue. • Wages owed but not c. Fees received but not yet yet paid. earned. • Supplies on hand. d. Fees earned but not yet received.

10. 0 3-2 Objective 2 Journalize entries for accounts requiring adjustment.

11. 0 3-2

12. 0 3-2 Adjusting Process for Prepaid Expenses (1) NetSolutions’ Suppliesaccount has a balance of $2,000 in the unadjusted trial balance. Some of these supplies have been used. On December 31, a count reveals that $760 of supplies are on hand. Supplies (balance on trial balance) $2,000 Supplies on hand, December 31 – 760 Supplies used $1,240

13. 2007 Dec. 31 Supplies Expense 1 240 00 760 2,040 0 3-2 55 14 Supplies 1 240 00 Supplies used ($2,000 – $760) Supplies Expense Supplies 14 55 Bal. 2,000 Dec. 31 1,240 Bal. 800 Dec. 31 1,240

14. 0 3-2 Adjusting Process for Prepaid Expenses (2) The debit balance of $2,400 in NetSolutions’ PrepaidInsuranceaccount represents the December 1 prepayment of insurance for 12 months.

15. 2,200 0 3-2 56 31 Insurance Expense 200 00 Prepaid Insurance 200 00 15 Insurance expired ($2,400/12). Prepaid Insurance Insurance Expense 15 56 Dec. 31 200 Bal. 2,400 Dec. 31 200

16. 0 3-2 Adjusting Process for Unearned Revenue On December 1, the tenant prepaid three months’ rent for use of an office building owned by NetSolutions. As of December 31, only $120 has been earned.

17. 240 Bal. 0 3-2 23 31 Unearned Rent 120 00 42 Rent Revenue 120 00 Rent earned ($360/3 months) Unearned Rent Rent Revenue 23 42 Dec. 31 120 Bal. 360 Dec. 31 120

18. 0 3-2 Adjusting Process for Accrued Revenues NetSolutions provided $500 in services during December for which the customer has not been billed. 0 12 31 Accounts Receivable 500 00 Fees Earned 500 00 41 Accrued fees

19. 0 Adjusting Process for Accrued Expenses 3-2 Assuming that wages were last paid on Friday, December 27th, and at the end of December, outstanding/accrued wages amounted to $250. (e.g. This is for Monday & Tuesday, Dec 30th & 31st.) Without this adjusting entry, Wages Expenseis understated. 0 51 31 Wages Expense 250 00 Wages Payable 250 00 22 Accrued wages.

20. Bal. 4,525 0 3-2 51 Wages Payable 22 Wages Expense Dec. 31 250 Bal. 4,275 Dec. 31 250

21. 0 3-2 Adjusting Process for Depreciation Expenses Physical resources that are owned and used by a business and are permanent or have a long life are called fixed assets, orplant assets. As time passes, a fixed asset loses its ability to provide useful services (by being used in the business i.e. an expenses) This decrease (or expense) in usefulness is called depreciation.

22. Instead of the assets account being credited, a contra account is established that normally carries a credit balance and appears as a deduction on the balance sheet 0 3-2 Normal titles for fixed asset accounts andtheir relatedcontra assetaccounts are asfollows: Fixed Asset Contra Asset Land None—Land is not depreciated Buildings Accumulated Depreciation— Buildings Store Equipment Accumulate Depreciation—Store Equipment Office Equipment Accumulated Depreciation—Office Equipment

23. NetSolutions estimates the depreciation on its office equipment to be $50 for the month of December. 0 3-2 53 31 Depreciation Expense 50 00 Accum. Depreciation— Office Equipment 50 00 19 Depreciation of office equipment. Depreciation Expense Accum. Depr.—Office Equip. 19 53 Dec. 31 50 Dec. 31 50

24. 0 3-2 NetSolutions’ balance sheet would show the office equipment at cost, less the accumulated depreciation. Office equipment $1,800 Less accumulated depreciation 50 $1,750 Book Value or Net Book Value

25. 0 3-3 Objective 3 Summarize the adjustment process See pages 116 – 120 and exhibit 8 for Ledger with adjusting entries

26. 0 3-3

27. 0 3-4 Objective 4 Prepare an adjusted trial balance.

28. 0 3-4 The purpose of the adjustedtrial balanceis to verify the equality of the total debit balances and total credit balances before the financial statements are prepared.

29. 0 3-4