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JE and Dengue

JE and Dengue. Panbio’s new JE-Dengue IgM Combo ELISA. Overview. Both Dengue and Japanese encephalitis (JE) belong to the Flavivirdae family and co-circulate in many parts of the world (Figure 1 – following slide ).

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JE and Dengue

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  1. JE and Dengue Panbio’s new JE-Dengue IgM Combo ELISA

  2. Overview • Both Dengue and Japanese encephalitis (JE) belong to the Flavivirdae family and co-circulate in many parts of the world (Figure 1 – following slide). • Serological distinction between these two flavivirus infections is often necessary though difficult due to the level of cross-reactive epitopes within the flavivirus family. • Accurate detection of these viruses is paramount to treatment and surveillance programs. • Serological tests to assist in the diagnosis of dengue virus infection are widely available, however limited commercial viral diagnostics for JE have been available.

  3. #Adapted from maps produced by the Centers for Disease Control World distribution of Dengue – 2005 CDC http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/dengue/map-distribution-2005.htm Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis in Asia, 1970-1998 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/jencephalitis/map.htm

  4. Japanese encephalitis1 • Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus: flavivirus antigenically related to St. Louis encephalitis virus • Transmitted via mosquitoes of theCulex tritaeniorhynchus group • Can cause acute encephalitis which may progress to paralysis, seizures, coma and death,however the majority of infections are subclinical • Case-fatality ratio: 30% • Serious neurologic sequela: 30% • Leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia with 30-50,000 cases reported annually • Those at risk include: • Residents of rural areas in endemic locations • Active duty military deployed to endemic areas • Expatriates in rural areas • Disease risk extremely low in travellers

  5. Dengue2 • Dengue virus serotypes 1 – 4: flavivirus • Transmission via mosquito(Aedes aegypti) • Symptoms include sudden onset of fever, severe headache, myalgias and arthralgias, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and hemorrhagic manifestations • Occasionally produces shock and haemorrhage, leading to death • Incidence is variable depending on epidemic activity • Globally, there are an estimated 50 to 100 million cases of dengue fever (DF) and several hundred thousand cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) per year • Average case fatality rate of DHF is about 5% • The disease is experiencing a resurgence in the tropics and epidemics are larger and more frequent

  6. Dengue and JE: the complicated diagnosis • Early in infection dengue and JE can present similarly. • fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, and myalgia4,5 • Both are associated with patients having a history of mosquito exposure in endemic areas. • Level of cross-reactivity among the Flavivirus group has traditionally complicated serological diagnosis.

  7. Why distinguish between JE & dengue? • Correct diagnosis is important for public health surveillance • Enable the accurate assessment of the JE burden • Ensure correct treatment • Although the treatment for both infections is supportive and in no anti-viral therapy available, patients with JE may require feeding, airway management and seizure control4.

  8. JE-Dengue IgM Combo ELISA • Intended use • The Panbio Japanese Encephalitis - Dengue IgM Combo ELISA is for the qualitative presumptive detection of IgM antibodies to Japanese encephalitis and dengue virus in serum as an aid in the clinical laboratory diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis and dengue virus infection in patients with clinical symptoms consistent with encephalitis or dengue fever. • This assay is a serological aid to diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis or dengue infection and positive results should be confirmed by PRNT or current CDC guidelines.

  9. Product positioning • Laboratory market • Offer to laboratories already using Panbio Dengue products • Laboratories may choose to continue using the Panbio Dengue ELISAs or rapids to differentiate between primary and secondary dengue infection • JE-Dengue IgM Combo ELISA does not differentiate between primary and secondary dengue infection • Offer to laboratories currently referring JE testing • Use the JE-Dengue IgM Combo ELISA for JE diagnosis primarily • Areas where dengue co-circulates

  10. Specifications Name: Japanese Encephalitis - Dengue IgM Combo ELISA Cat No:E-JED01C Expiry:12 months from date of manufacture Storage:2 – 8°C Antigen: Recombinant Dengue 1 – 4 Recombinant JE Antigen prep: Dilute 1/250 prior to use (discard any left-over diluted antigen) Sample: Serum Assay time:2 hr 10 min total incubation time Kit size: 48 tests (96 well plate provide, 2-wells required per patient) Procedure:Standard Panbio capture ELISA format

  11. Procedure • Each sample is tested in duplicate, with one well using JE-MAb complex and the other well using Dengue-MAb complex in the second step. • Dilute both antigens 1/250 using the Antigen Diluent prior to use. Remaining unused concentrated antigen shouldbe stored at 2-8ºC. • Continue as per the following flow diagram

  12. JE-Dengue IgM Combo ELISA Serum antibodies combine with the anti-human IgM coated on the plate. Simultaneously the peroxidase conjugated MAb and antigen supplied form complexes when incubated together. Washing removes residual serum The antigen-Mab complexes bind if antigen-specific antibodies have been captured. The colourless substrate, tetramethylbenzidine/hydrogen peroxide (TMB/H2O2) is hydrolysed to a blue chromogen Stopping the hydrolytic reaction with acid turns the TMB yellow Colour development indicates the presence of specific antibodies in the test sample

  13. Interpretation # * Resultsshould be confirmed by PRNT or current CDC guidelines. # Refer to Instructions for use for full interpretation guidelines

  14. Interpretation cont. • If positive on the dengue kit, this indicates a dengue virus infection, even if also positive on the JE kit. • On the Panbio JE-Dengue IgM Combo ELISA cross-reactivity was predominantly only found one way i.e. at the JE level. • This cross-reactivity is a common feature of flavivirus antibody assays and is typically more dramatic when native virus preparations are used. • The specific recombinant virus antigens used in this assay provide distinct advantages over typical native virus preparations especially the dengue virus antigens. • Therefore the two-well approach is essential to distinguish between dengue and JE.

  15. Performance: Study sites • Reference laboratory, Bangkok, Thailand • Data used for package insert • Inhouse study • Presented at JE Bi-Regional Meeting, Bangkok,Thailand April 2005 • AFRIMS, Thailand • WHO Collaborating Centre • Competitive evaluation • Panbio vs. 2 commercially available ELISAs and an in-house ELISA

  16. Performance Evaluation by a reference laboratory in Bangkok, Thailand • Performance of the product was assessed using 360 sera collected for testing at a reference laboratory in Bangkok, Thailand, and characterised using the reference laboratory’s in-house IgM and IgG ELISAs. • 121 samples JE positive • 111 samples primary or secondary dengue samples • 128 endemic samples seronegative for both JE and dengue

  17. Good distinction between dengue and JE Only 2 dengue samples incorrectly diagnosed as JE Performance cont. Evaluation by a reference laboratory in Bangkok, Thailand

  18. Performance cont. Evaluation by a reference laboratory in Bangkok, Thailand High sensitivity and specificity

  19. Performance Inhouse study presented at JE Bi-Regional Meeting, Bangkok,Thailand April 2005 • A population of 349 characterised specimens was used to evaluate the performance of the JE-Dengue IgM Combo ELISA. • USA and Australian normal donor sera (n=265) • Dengue IgM positive sera (n=19) • JE IgM positive sera (n=65).

  20. Clear distinction between dengue and JE

  21. Performance cont. Inhouse study presented at JE Bi-Regional Meeting, Bangkok,Thailand April 2005

  22. Conclusions Inhouse study presented at JE Bi-Regional Meeting, Bangkok,Thailand April 2005 • The development of a 2-well ELISA utilising specific recombinant antigens provides a significant improvement in the diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis. • Assay has a high level of dengue and JE sensitivity as well as specificity. • Because of the high level of specificity of the dengue recombinant antigen, a simple positive / negative comparison of the 2-well result can be used to determine a presumptive diagnosis. • The format of the tests allows use of common reagents with both JE and dengue antigens, including positive and negative control sera, enhancing ease of use.

  23. Performance cont. USAMC-AFRIMS competitive evaluation* April – July 2005 *Study has not yet been published

  24. Conclusions USAMC-AFRIMS competitive evaluation April – July 2005 • Smaller number of steps involved • Performed better than competitors • High sensitivity & specificity • High agreement with well recognised and established in-house diagnostic kit • Only commercially available kit that differentiates between JE and dengue • Panbio kit is advantageous in areas where dengue co-circulates

  25. Advantages • Simple, standardised procedure • same format other Panbio capture ELISAs • Short assay time (2 hr 10 min) • Good sensitivity and specificity • inhouse and independent assessment • Excellent agreement with current diagnostic methods • Two-well approach allows serological differentiation between dengue and JE infection • Two diseases with one kit • Recombinant antigens • All 4 dengue serotypes are included • From Panbio: No. 1 in dengue diagnosis

  26. Promotional material • Brochure – The key to differentiating between dengue and JE • Flyer – (PB0110)

  27. Promotional material • Poster presented at JE Bi-Regional Meeting, Bangkok,Thailand April 2005

  28. Competitors • XCyton Diagnostics - JEV CheX kit • 96 well ELISA • Currently operating only in certain parts of India • Marketed by Qualigens Diagnostics (chemical division of GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd.) • Plans to expand the market and get exposure across India • InBios International – JE DetectTM • IgM ELISA • IgG ELISA • 96 well ELISA

  29. Future • Develop protocols for use • Lobby Departments of Health • Evaluative comparative studies

  30. References • Centers for Disease Control Japanese encephalitis fact sheet. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/jencephalitis/facts.htm • Centers for Disease Control Dengue fact sheet http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/dengue/facts.htm • Valks, A. et al. (2005) Development of a Japanese encephalitis - Dengue IgM Combo ELISA. Poster presented at JE Bi-Regional Meeting, Bangkok,Thailand April 2005. • eMedicine. Dengue Fever (Last Updated: May 24, 2005) [http://www.emedicine.com/MED/topic528.htm] • eMedicine. Japanese encephalitis. (Last Updated: June 16, 2005) [http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3158.htm]

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