HAM dan Lingkungan

1. HAM dan Lingkungan Wahyu Yun Santoso

2. DEKLARASI STOCKHOLM • DEKLARASI RIO DE JANEIRO • UUD 1945 & PERUBAHANNYA • UUPLH BAKU MUTU LINGKUNGAN DAN BAKU KERUSAKAN LH • FUNCTION OF DEFENSE • Ganti kerugian ekonomik • Pemulihan kesehatan • Ganti kerugian Immateriel LH HAK DASAR LINGKUNGAN • FUNCTION • OF PERFORMANCE • Pemulihan fungsi ling- • kungan • Perbaikan alat a. Right to life; b. Right to food; c. Right to health d. Right to safe & healthy working conditions; e. Right to housing; f. Popular participations; g. Right to information; h. Freedom of association; i. Cultural rights; j. Right to self-determination over natural resources. KUALITAS HIDUP

3. HAK ATAS INFORMASI LH SETIAP ORANG MEMPUNYAI HAK ATAS INFORMASI LINGKUNGAN HIDUP 1. Aktualisasi hak atas LH yang baik & sehat secara optimal 2. Mengefektifkan penggunaan hak masyarakat untuk berperan serta dalam pengelolaan lingkungan # 1. Setiap penyelenggara usaha/kegiatan wajib memberikan informasi yg benar & akurat mengenai pengelolaan LH 2. Pemerintah wajib menyediakan informasi LH dan menyebarluaskannya kpd masyarakat

4. HAK PERAN SERTA MASYARAKAT • Diatur dalam Pasal 5 ayat (3) juncto Pasal 7 UUPLH • SDM Pemerintah terbatas, SDM Swasta menunjang, karena itu SDM swasta juga harus berperan • Masyarakat adalah juga pihak yang memiliki potensi merusak dan atau mencemarkan • Masyarakat adalah sumber informasi • Masyarakat dapat melakukan kontrol sosial • Meningkatkan penerimaan keputusan • Melindungi hak-hak masyarakat • Mendemokratisasikan pengambilan keputusan • Perlunya pendayagunaan peran serta masyarakat

5. Five existing international norms related to right of sound env’t • Self-determination • Permanent sovereignty over natural resources • The right to development • US: “development is not a right, it is a goal we all hold, depends on the realization of human right”  recognize only 4 individuals • The right to environment • (public) Participation

6. Right to Development • Should be elaborated with all context of human rights; • Giving priority to the fight against absolute poverty; • Promotion & protection of civil, cultural, political and social rights; • Aims to integrate the right to a healthy environment in the framework of SD; • Concept of good governance  limit gov authority & influence policy based on HR; • US  doesn’t accept this right as the right of state to demand foreign assistance & qualify the protection of civil political rights

7. Karakteristik • Prerequisite to the enjoyment of other human rights realisasi atas hak asasi politik & sipil; • A synthesis of existing human rights meliputi semua obyek HAM; • Concern on the basic right: • To life • To develop his/her potential • Obliges nation states to recognize the right of indigenous people

8. Correlative rights to right to development Based on UNDHR & ICESCR • Right to adequate standard of living right to health also means “free from envt’l harm”; • Right to cultural integrity pengakuan atas identitas sosial & kultural masyarakat; • Right to education and right to adequate information urgensi utk fasilitasi nilai2 atas kepekaan lingkungan (ethic of env’t awareness); • Principle 10 Rio  appropriate access to envt’l information

9. Right to adequate/ healthy environment • Tidak ada satu konvensi int’l yg memuat hak ini sebelum Rio 1992; • “The right of present & future generations to enjoy a healthy environment and decent quality of life” (UNEP 1993); • Post Rio Declaration, hak ini jg hnya termuat di soft law (non-binding legal texts); • Komplementer dgn right to development: • “Achievement of the right to development is dependent upon the realization of all human rights, and development is dependent upon maintenance & enhancement of env’t and social quality”

10. Right to Participation • Dikenalkan pertama di Our Common Future – Brundtland Report 1987; “The pursuit of susdev requires: … a political system that secures effective citizen participation in decision making”  sine qua non. • Pemaknaan  strategi pembangunan maupun lingkungan apapun tidak akan berkelanjutan jika stakeholders terkait tidak diikutsertakan dalam decision-making process; • Initiates North-South dialogues in 4 concept: • Equitable sharing of benefits, • Common but differentiated responsibilities, • Technology transfer, • Participatory partnership; • Transform the superior-inferior relationship between the North & the South to one based on the “principle of equality”

11. Aarhus Convention 1998 • The United Nation Economic Commission for Europe Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters; • Three pillars: • Access to information, • Public participation in decision-making, • Access to justice. • Obligation to inform the public concerned in an early stage of the decision-making procedure in an adequate, timely and effective manner • Obligation to ensure the procedural rights • Provide the opportunity to public participation in any ways • Publication of decision

12. Why procedural right is needed? • The right to participate is only effective when all the three pillars can be ensured. The pillars are independent; access to environmental information is necessary for the public to be able to participate, while access to justice is a necessary and effective means to ensure this, • The important value of these procedural rights is that these facilitate substantive right. They make that theory can be put into practice: What would be the use of substantive norms if these cannot be applied, checked and enforced? • Ensure the accountability

13. Kegiatan2 yg wajib patuh: • Energy sector • Production and processing of metals • Mineral industry • Chemical industry • Waste Management • Waste-water treatment plants with a capacity exceeding 150000 population equivalent • Other activities mentioned in point 19 of Annex 1