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Boundless Lecture Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Ecology of Ecosystems Ecosystems Energy Flow through Ecosystems Biogeochemical Cycles ] Ecosystems Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Ecosystems > Ecology of Ecosystems Ecology of Ecosystems • Ecosystem Dynamics • Food Chains and Food Webs • Studying Ecosystem Dynamics • Modeling Ecosystem Dynamics Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/ecosystems-46/ecology-of-ecosystems-256/

  6. Ecosystems > Energy Flow through Ecosystems Energy Flow through Ecosystems • Strategies for Acquiring Energy • Productivity within Trophic Levels • Transfer of Energy between Trophic Levels • Ecological Pyramids • Biological Magnification Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/ecosystems-46/energy-flow-through-ecosystems-257/

  7. Ecosystems > Biogeochemical Cycles Biogeochemical Cycles • Biogeochemical Cycles • The Water (Hydrologic) Cycle • The Carbon Cycle • The Nitrogen Cycle • The Phosphorus Cycle • The Sulfur Cycle Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/ecosystems-46/biogeochemical-cycles-258/

  8. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  9. Ecosystems Key terms • acid raincorrosive rain caused by rainwater falling to the ground through sulfur dioxide gas, turning it into weak sulfuric acid; can damage structures and ecosystems • ammonificationthe formation of ammonia or its compounds from nitrogenous compounds, especially as a result of bacterial decomposition • analytical modela model that works best when dealing with relatively simple (often linear) systems, specifically those that can be accurately described by a set of mathematical equations whose behavior is well known • apex consumerconsumers with few to no predators of their own, residing at the top of their food chain • assimilationthe biomass of the present trophic level after accounting for the energy lost due to incomplete ingestion of food, energy used for respiration, and energy lost as waste • autotrophAny organism that can synthesize its food from inorganic substances, using heat or light as a source of energy • biogeochemical cyclecycling of mineral nutrients through ecosystems and through the non-living world • biomagnificationthe process, in an ecosystem, in which a higher concentration of a substance in an organism is obtained higher up the food chain • biomassthe total mass of all living things within a specific area, habitat, etc. • chemoautotropha simple organism, such as a protozoan, that derives its energy from chemical processes rather than photosynthesis • chemoautotropha simple organism, such as a protozoan, that derives its energy from chemical processes rather than photosynthesis • conceptual modela model that is represented by conceptual representations of the relationships between different organisms in a community and their environment Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  10. Ecosystems • condensationthe conversion of a gas to a liquid; the condensate so formed • dead zonean area within a freshwater or marine ecosystem where large areas are depleted of their normal flora and fauna; caused by excessive nutrient pollution • denitrificationprocess of converting nitrates into nitrogen gas, especially by the action of bacteria • detritivorean organism that feeds on detritus; a decomposer • dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanea chlorinated hydrocarbon which is mainly used as an insecticide (DDT) • ecological pyramiddiagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter or numbers of organisms within each trophic level in a food chain or food web • equilibriumthe condition of a system in which competing influences are balanced, resulting in no net change • eutrophicationprocess whereby excess levels of nitrogen or phosphorus cause excessive growth of microorganisms, depleting dissolved oxygen levels and kill ecosystem fauna • Evaporationthe process of a liquid converting to the gaseous state • falloutdirect deposit of solid minerals on land or in the ocean from the atmosphere • food chainthe feeding relationships between species in a biotic community; a linear path through a food web • gross primary productivityrate at which photosynthetic primary producers incorporate energy from the sun Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Ecosystems • heterotrophan organism that requires an external supply of energy in the form of food, as it cannot synthesize its own • heterotrophan organism that requires an external supply of energy in the form of food, as it cannot synthesize its own • hydrospherecombined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet • mesocosma small portion of the natural environment that is brought under controlled conditions for experimental purposes • microcosman artificial, simplified ecosystem that is used to simulate and predict the behaviour of natural ecosystems under controlled conditions • net consumer productivityenergy content available to the organisms of the next trophic level • net primary productivityenergy that remains in the primary producers after accounting for the organisms' respiration and heat loss • net production efficiency (NPE)measure of the ability of a trophic level to convert the energy it receives from the previous trophic level into biomass • nitrificationthe conversion of ammonium into nitrites (NO2−) by nitrifying bacteria • non-renewable resourceresource, such as fossil fuel, that is either regenerated very slowly or not at all • photoautotrophan organism that can synthesize its own food by using light as a source of energy • residence timethe average time a particular molecule of water will remain in a body of water Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. Ecosystems • resiliencethe speed with which an ecosystem returns to its initial state after a disturbance • resistancethe tendency of a system to remain close to its equilibrium state, despite disturbances • simulation modela model that utilizes mathematical algorithms to predict complex responses in ecosystem dynamics • subductionmovement of one tectonic plate beneath another • sublimationthe transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor state such that it does not pass through the intermediate liquid phase • surface runoffoverland flow of excess water (with or without accumulated contaminants) that cannot be absorbed by the ground as infiltration • trophic levela particular position occupied by a group of organisms in a food chain (primary producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, or tertiary consumer) • trophic levela particular position occupied by a group of organisms in a food chain (primary producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, or tertiary consumer) • trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE)energy transfer efficiency between two successive trophic levels Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Ecosystems Sulfur vents At this sulfur vent in Lassen Volcanic National Park in northeastern California, the yellowish sulfur deposits are visible near the mouth of the vent. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biogeochemical Cycles. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44889/latest/Figure_46_03_11.jpgView on Boundless.com

  14. Ecosystems Food web of Lake Ontario This food web shows the interactions between organisms across trophic levels in the Lake Ontario ecosystem. Primary producers are outlined in green, primary consumers in orange, secondary consumers in blue, and tertiary (apex) consumers in purple. Arrows point from an organism that is consumed to the organism that consumes it. Notice how some lines point to more than one trophic level. For example, the opossum shrimp eats both primary producers and primary consumers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Ecology of Ecosystems. December 10, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44885/latest/#fig-ch46_01_05View on Boundless.com

  15. Ecosystems Energy decreases per trophic level The relative energy in trophic levels in a Silver Springs, Florida, ecosystem is shown. Each trophic level has less energy available and supports fewer organisms at the next level. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Ecology of Ecosystems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44885/latest/Figure_46_01_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  16. Ecosystems Ecological pyramids Ecological pyramids depict the (a) biomass, (b) number of organisms, and (c) energy in each trophic level. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Energy Flow through Ecosystems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44887/latest/Figure_46_02_02.pngView on Boundless.com

  17. Ecosystems Formation of bicarbonate Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form bicarbonate and carbonate ions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biogeochemical Cycles. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44889/latest/Figure_46_03_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  18. Ecosystems PCB concentration in Lake Huron This chart shows the PCB concentrations found at the various trophic levels in the Saginaw Bay ecosystem of Lake Huron. Numbers on the x-axis reflect enrichment with heavy isotopes of nitrogen (15N), which is a marker for increasing trophic levels. Notice that the fish in the higher trophic levels accumulate more PCBs than those in lower trophic levels. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Energy Flow through Ecosystems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44887/latest/Figure_46_02_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. Ecosystems Human intervention in ecosystem equilibrium The Australian Aboriginal practice of "Fire-stick farming" has fundamentally modified Australian ecosystems. The legacy of this practice over long periods has resulted in forests being converted to grasslands. In this example, the forests became less and less resilient over time until the fundamental system equilibrium had changed. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Australian savanna."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_savanna.jpgView on Boundless.com

  20. Ecosystems Sin Nombre hantavirus After a series of sudden deaths in 1993, scientists in the Four Corners area of the Southwestern United States rushed to determine the cause. They isolated a previously unknown hantavirus that caused pulmonary failure or Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS). The new virus was named Sin Nombre, or virus with "no name. " Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Sin Nombre hanta virus TEM PHIL 1136 lores."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus%23mediaviewer/File:Sin_Nombre_hanta_virus_TEM_PHIL_1136_lores.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. Ecosystems Residence time of water This graph shows the average residence time for water molecules in the earth's water reservoirs. Most of the earth's water is unavailable for use because it is locked in ice, beneath the ground, or in the oceans. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biogeochemical Cycles. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44889/latest/Figure_46_03_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. Ecosystems Phosphorus cycle In nature, phosphorus exists as the phosphate ion (PO43−). Weathering of rocks and volcanic activity releases phosphate into the soil, water, and air, where it becomes available to terrestrial food webs. Phosphate enters the oceans via surface runoff, groundwater flow, and river flow. Phosphate dissolved in ocean water cycles into marine food webs. Some phosphate from the marine food webs falls to the ocean floor, where it forms sediment. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biogeochemical Cycles. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44889/latest/Figure_46_03_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. Ecosystems Carbon cycle Carbon dioxide gas exists in the atmosphere and is dissolved in water. Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide gas to organic carbon, while respiration cycles the organic carbon back into carbon dioxide gas. Long-term storage of organic carbon occurs when matter from living organisms is buried deep underground and becomes fossilized. Volcanic activity and human emissions bring this stored carbon back into the carbon cycle. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biogeochemical Cycles. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44889/latest/Figure_46_03_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. Ecosystems Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen enters the living world from the atmosphere via nitrogen-fixing bacteria. This nitrogen and nitrogenous waste from animals is then processed back into gaseous nitrogen by soil bacteria, which also supply terrestrial food webs with the organic nitrogen they need. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biogeochemical Cycles. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44889/latest/Figure_46_03_06.pngView on Boundless.com

  25. Ecosystems Mesocosm Greenhouses contribute to mesocosm studies because they allow us to control the environment and, thus, the experiment. The mesocosms in this example, tomato plants, have been placed in a greenhouse to control the air, temperature, water, and light distribution in order to observe the effects when exposed to different amounts of each factor. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."TomateJungpflanzenAnzuchtNiederlande."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TomateJungpflanzenAnzuchtNiederlande.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Ecosystems Energy flow in Silver Springs This conceptual model shows the flow of energy through a spring ecosystem in Silver Springs, Florida. Notice that the energy decreases with each increase in trophic level. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Ecology of Ecosystems. December 9, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44885/latest/#fig-ch46_01_07View on Boundless.com

  27. Ecosystems Food chain These are the trophic levels of a food chain in Lake Ontario. Energy and nutrients flow from photosynthetic green algae at the bottom to the salmon at the top of the food chain. There are only four links in this chain because significant energy is lost between each successive trophic level. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Ecology of Ecosystems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44885/latest/Figure_46_01_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. Ecosystems Food web This food web shows the interactions between organisms across trophic levels in the Lake Ontario ecosystem. Primary producers are outlined in green, primary consumers in orange, secondary consumers in blue, and tertiary (apex) consumers in purple. The opossum shrimp eats both primary producers and primary consumers; it is, therefore, both a primary consumer and a secondary consumer. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Ecology of Ecosystems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44885/latest/Figure_46_01_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. Ecosystems Chemoautotrophs Swimming shrimp, a few squat lobsters, and hundreds of vent mussels are seen at a hydrothermal vent at the bottom of the ocean. As no sunlight penetrates to this depth, the ecosystem is supported by chemoautotrophic bacteria and organic material that sinks from the ocean's surface. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Energy Flow through Ecosystems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44887/latest/Figure_46_02_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. Ecosystems Sulfur cycle Sulfur dioxide from the atmosphere becomes available to terrestrial and marine ecosystems when it is dissolved in precipitation as weak sulfuric acid or when it falls directly to the earth as fallout. Weathering of rocks also makes sulfates available to terrestrial ecosystems. Decomposition of living organisms returns sulfates to the ocean, soil, and atmosphere. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biogeochemical Cycles. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44889/latest/Figure_46_03_10.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Ecosystems Importance of the hydrosphere Earth has a hydrosphere, where water movement and storage occurs. It is important for leaching certain components of organic matter into rivers, lakes, and oceans, and is a reservoir for carbon. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Atmosphere-Biosphere-Hydrosphere-Lithosphere."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atmosphere-Biosphere-Hydrosphere-Lithosphere.pngView on Boundless.com

  32. Ecosystems Ecosystem dynamics can affect human populations The Four Corners area had been in a drought for several years. In early 1993, the rainfall caused an increase in vegetation, which caused an increase the local deer mice population. Hantavirus infected the high deer mouse population and was quickly transmitted to humans via aerosolized mouse droppings. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44883/latest/Figure_46_00_00.jpgView on Boundless.com

  33. Ecosystems Conceptual model of energy This conceptual model shows the flow of energy through a spring ecosystem in Silver Springs, Florida. Notice that the energy decreases with each increase in trophic level. Conceptual models are useful for describing ecosystem structure, but are limited by their poor prediction of ecosystem changes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Ecology of Ecosystems. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44885/latest/Figure_46_01_07.pngView on Boundless.com

  34. Ecosystems Dead zones Dead zones occur when phosphorus and nitrogen from fertilizers cause excessive growth of microorganisms, which depletes oxygen, killing flora and fauna. Worldwide, large dead zones are found in coastal areas of high population density. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biogeochemical Cycles. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44889/latest/Figure_46_03_08.jpgView on Boundless.com

  35. Ecosystems Water availability Only 2.5 percent of water on earth is fresh water. Less than 1 percent of fresh water is easily accessible to living things. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biogeochemical Cycles. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44889/latest/Figure_46_03_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  36. Ecosystems Cycling of water Water from the land and oceans enters the atmosphere by evaporation or sublimation, where it condenses into clouds and falls as rain or snow. Precipitated water may enter freshwater bodies or infiltrate the soil. The cycle is complete when surface or groundwater reenters the ocean. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biogeochemical Cycles. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44889/latest/Figure_46_03_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  37. Ecosystems Attribution • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. December 15, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44885/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."Ecosystem."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem • Wikipedia."Ecosystem."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem • Wikipedia."resistance."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/resistance • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/resilience • Wikipedia."1993 Four Corners Outbreak."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Four_Corners_hantavirus_outbreak • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44883/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."equilibrium."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/equilibrium • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."Tracking a Mystery Disease: The Detailed Story of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)."Public domainhttp://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/history.html • Wiktionary."detritivore."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/detritivore • Wiktionary."food chain."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/food_chain • Wiktionary."trophic level."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trophic_level • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44885/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."Mesocosm."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesocosm • Wiktionary."mesocosm."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mesocosm • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44885/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/microcosm Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  38. Ecosystems • Wikipedia."Ecosystem model."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_model • Wikipedia."analytical model."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/analytical%20model • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/conceptual-model • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/simulation-model • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44885/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."Heterotroph."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotroph • Wiktionary."heterotroph."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heterotroph • Wiktionary."chemoautotroph."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chemoautotroph • Wiktionary."photoautotroph."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/photoautotroph • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. December 9, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44887/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44887/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/gross-primary-productivity • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/net-primary-productivity • Wiktionary."biomass."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biomass • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44887/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."trophic level."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trophic_level • Wiktionary."assimilation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/assimilation • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/net-production-efficiency-npe • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44887/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  39. Ecosystems • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/trophic-level-transfer-efficiency-tlte • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/net-consumer-productivity • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44887/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."ecological pyramid."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ecological_pyramid • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44887/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."biomagnification."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biomagnification • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/apex-consumer • Wiktionary."dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane • Wikipedia."Evaporation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation • Wikipedia."Water cycle."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle • Wiktionary."sublimation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sublimation • Wiktionary."condensation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/condensation • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44889/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."residence time."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/residence_time • Wiktionary."surface runoff."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/surface_runoff • Wiktionary."autotroph."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autotroph • Wiktionary."heterotroph."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heterotroph • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/non-renewable-resource • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44889/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  40. Ecosystems • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/subduction • Wiktionary."ammonification."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ammonification • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/nitrification • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44889/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."denitrification."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/denitrification • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/eutrophication • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44889/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/dead-zone • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44889/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."acid rain."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acid_rain • Wiktionary."chemoautotroph."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chemoautotroph • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/fallout • Wikipedia."hydrosphere."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hydrosphere • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. December 9, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44889/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44889/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/biogeochemical-cycle Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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