Psychological Measurements in Sport and Exercise

1. 14 Psychological Measurements in Sport and Exercise

2. “Baseball is ninety percent mental and the other half is physical.” • Yogi Berra, NY Yankees

3. Affective Domain Trait anxiety-comes from within State anxiety-comes from the environment General versus sport-specific measures

4. Affective Domain • Should it be measured? • Involves: • Interests • Appreciations • Attitudes • Values • Emotional bias • Feelings • Emotions

5. NO • Time needed for change • Difficult to evaluate • Feelings cannot be taught • Self-report questionnaires • Teachers are not trained to evaluate • Why measure it in kinesiology • Takes away time from activity

6. YES • Used as a baseline • Teach sportsmanship • Teach group cohesiveness • Make curriculum choices • Foster teacher-student rapport • Make caring responses to students • Motivate students to participate • Used to select leaders

7. Group Uses • Identify status of group • How do students feel • Measurement used to evaluate • Be aware of group attitude • Identify strengths and weaknesses • Motivation for objectives

9. Individual Uses • Sensitive students or clients • Beware of group results • Use results wisely • Student self knowledge • Plan for self improvement • Identify roles in class or program

11. Cautions • Measurement errors • One’s own knowledge and limitations • Team selection applicability • Test purpose • Participant feedback

12. Measurement in the Affective Domain Qualitative• Interviews• Observation Quantitative• Likert scales• Semantic differential scales

13. Questionnaires • Self report? • Assume truthful response • Assume understanding • Assume validity • Assume individual response

15. Examples of Scaled Responses (Likert Scale) 1 2 3 4 5 Never Sometimes Often Frequently Always 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly Agree No opinion Disagree Strongly agree disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Always Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Agree Disagree

16. Scales for Measuring Attitudes Good __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Bad Pleasant __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Unpleasant Relaxed __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Tense Hot __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Cold Healthy __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Unhealthy Nice __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Awful Delicate __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Rugged Active __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Passive

17. Semantic Differential • Respond to bipolar adjectives • New-old, good-bad, fair-unfair • Adjectives should be presented randomly

18. Semantic Differential Scale Pleasant Unpleasant Fair Unfair Honest Dishonest Good Bad Successful Unsuccessful Useful Useless

19. Scales Used in Sport and Exercise Psychology • Sport Competition Anxiety Test • Competitive State Anxiety Inventory2 • Attitudes Toward Physical Activity • Children’s Attitudes Toward Physical Activity • Physical Estimation and Attraction Scale • Trait and State Sport Confidence Inventories • Group Environment Questionnaire

20. General Psychological Scales Used in Sport and Exercise Self-Motivation Inventory Profile of Mood States Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style

21. Stages of Change for Exercise and Physical Activity Precontemplation—no intention to change behavior Contemplation—intention to change behavior Preparation—preparing for action Action—involved in behavior change Maintenance—sustain behavior change

22. Categories to Measure • Attitude • Individual feelings • Interest • Likes and dislikes • Leadership • Identify leaders of a group • Sportsmanship • Abide by rules

23. Categories to Measure … • Social behavior • Social development • Personality inventories • Poise, aggressiveness, toughness • Behavior ratings • Cooperation, self-confidence

25. Sport Competition Anxiety Test Questionnaire (page 351) • Student rates themselves • Developed by R. Martens, Human Kinetics, 1982 • Two tests-children and adults • Reliability of .77-.97 • Has construct validity

26. Next Class • Score yourself on the SCAT test (page 351) • Turn in next class • Test Wednesday