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Genetic Engineering

Genetic Engineering. Students will be able to exemplify ways that introduce new genetic characteristics into an organism or a population by applying the principles of modern genetics. Biology Standard B-4.9. What do all these organisms have in common?.

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Genetic Engineering

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  1. Genetic Engineering Students will be able to exemplify ways that introduce new genetic characteristics into an organism or a population by applying the principles of modern genetics. Biology Standard B-4.9

  2. What do all these organisms have in common? They are all genetically modified organisms

  3. What is Genetic Engineering? • Genetic engineeringis the process of replacing specific genes in an organism in order to ensure that the organism expresses a desired trait. • Example: GloFish are the first genetically engineered pet sold in stores

  4. How is genetic engineering done? • Genetic engineering is accomplished by taking specific genes from one organism and placing them into another. • Remember: genes code for proteins AND proteins determine your traits.

  5. Where are the genes? • Genetic engineering can only occur when scientists know exactly where particular genes for particular traits occur on specific chromosomes.

  6. Scientists Use Gene Maps • A gene mapshows the relative location of each known gene on a chromosome. Simple Gene Map Example:

  7. The Human Genome Project • A genome refers to all the genetic material in an organism. • The Human Genome Project mapped the DNA sequence of human genes. • Human Genome Project is useful in identifying genes for specific traits. What is the Human Genome Project? CLICK HERE What's On Each Chromosome? CLICK HERE

  8. Genetic Cloning • In cloning, an identical copy of a gene or an entire organism is produced. • This may occur naturally or may be engineered. How Is Genetic Cloning Done? CLICK HERE

  9. Cloning: the good and the bad • Cloning Benefits: organ transplants or saving endangered species • Cloning Drawbacks: producing organisms with genetic disorders or health problems. Human Cloning... are we next?

  10. Up and Coming: Gene Therapy • In gene therapy, scientists insert a normal gene into an absent or abnormal gene. • Once inserted the normal gene begins to produce the correct protein or enzyme, eliminating the cause of the disorder. • However, gene therapy has had limited success because the host often rejects the injected genetic material.

  11. Stem Cells Revisited • Stem cellsare undifferentiated cells that have the potential to become specialized in structure or function. • Although primarily found in embryos, they are also found all over the adult human body. • Example: bone marrow stem cells (adult stem cells may be harder to isolate) • Therapy using stem cells can replace tissue that is deficient due to disease or damage.

  12. Results of Genetic Engineering • Development of plants that make natural insecticides, are higher in protein, or spoil more slowly. • Development of animals that are bigger, faster growing, or are resistant to disease. • Development of bacteria that produce hormones such as human insulin or human growth hormone.

  13. Results of Genetic Engineering in Humans • In humans, it is theoretically possible to transplant copies of normal genes into the cells of people suffering from genetically carried diseases such as: • Tay-Sachs disease • cystic fibrosis • sickle-cell anemia

  14. Selective Breeding • Selective breedingis the method of artificially selecting and breeding only organisms with a desired trait. • Almost all domesticated animals and most crop plants are the result of selective breeding.

  15. How Selective Breeding Works… • In order for the parents to show strong expression for the trait, they must carry at least one gene for that trait. • Once the breeder has successfully produced offspring with the desired trait, inbreeding(crossing individuals who are closely related) continues. • Over several generations, the gene for the trait will become more and more prevalent in the offspring.

  16. Drawbacks of Selective Breeding • The drawback to selective breeding is that recessive gene defects often show up more frequently. Selective Breeding Issues in Dogs...

  17. Hybridization: a type of selective breeding • Hybridizationis the breeding of organisms that show strong expression for two different traits in order to produce offspring that express both traits. • Often occurs between two different(but similar) species. • The offspring are often hardier than either of the parents • Ex: horse + donkey = mule zebra + donkey = zonkey lion + tiger = liger

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