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Voicing & Phonation

Voicing & Phonation. LIN 3201. 4 Parameters for Describing Sounds. Airstream Mechanism How/From where air is initiated, direction of airflow State of the Glottis Vocal fold state - wide open, vibrating – that affects airstream Place of Articulation Where air is shaped in airstream

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Voicing & Phonation

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  1. Voicing & Phonation LIN 3201

  2. 4 Parameters for Describing Sounds • Airstream Mechanism • How/From where air is initiated, direction of airflow • State of the Glottis • Vocal fold state - wide open, vibrating – that affects airstream • Place of Articulation • Where air is shaped in airstream • Manner of Articulation • How air is shaped in airstream

  3. The Larynx & Vocal Folds www.yorku.ca/earnstro/journey/images/larxsec.gif

  4. Pictures of Larynx www.anatomyatlases.org

  5. www.anatomyatlases.org

  6. www.anatomyatlases.org

  7. What is Phonation? • Keep in mind, with state of glottis & vocal folds: • Phonation is NOT articulatory in nature • NOT glottis in SHAPING AIRFLOW – i.e. not glottal stop • Phonation is NOT initiatory in nature • NOT glottis as INITIATOR of AIRFLOW – i.e. not glottalic inititation

  8. Instead… • We mean the status of vocal folds while air (the initiatory airstream) passes through the glottis, as in: • Wide open glottis – relaxed vocal folds • Narrowing of glottis – vibrating vocal folds • Also known as VOICING

  9. Phonation & Initiation Airstream must pass through larynx for phonation to occur Glottalic Initiation = generally unphonated • Glottis tightly closed for Implosives & Ejectives– no airstream flows through • BUT Vocied Glottalic Ingressives (Voiced Implosives) CAN BE PHONATED- downward motion of larynx allows some air to flow through for voicing

  10. Velaric Initiation (Clicks) = no phonation • Air trapped in mouth – no airstream through larynx • (Can perform against phonated background, but phonation is nasal hum, not click itself)

  11. Pulmonic Inititation (Plosives)= phonation • Airstream from lungs must flow through larynx • ALL plosives are phonated, EXCEPT glottal stop

  12. Larynx/Vocal Fold Links & Web Resources • Three-dimensional, rotatable model of the larynx http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/qtvr/qtvr_larynx.html • Photos & Video of Larynx & Vocal Folds: • http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/linguistics/lectures/glottis.jpg • http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/linguistics/faciliti/demos/vocalfolds/vocalfolds.htm • http://cspeech.ucd.ie/~fred/teaching/oldcourses/phonetics/glottis.html SOURCE: http://www.unc.edu/~jlsmith/pht-url.html#(2)

  13. Different Types of Voicing/Phonation Different types of voicing due to different states of vocal folds during airflow Most Airflow ---> Least Airflow

  14. Phonation Types • Voiceless – vocal folds wide open, allowing airs to pass through freely • [p], [t], [k], [f], [s] in English • Typically voiced sounds use diacritic

  15. Vocal Folds during Voicelessness cspeech.ucd.ie/.../phonetics/pics/vfold-open.gif www.voiceproblem.org

  16. Phonation Types, cont. 2. Breathy Voice/Murmur – vocal folds are held loosely open, but flap as air rushes by • Usually heard on release of following vowel • Used “dotted” diacritic • http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/vowels/chapter12/gujarati.html

  17. Vocal Folds during Breathy Voice/Murmur phonetics.ucla.edu/vowels/chapter12/breathy.gif

  18. Phonation Types, cont. 3. Voiced (Modal Voice) – Vocal Folds are set for vibration • In English [b], [v], [d], [g], [z], [m], [n] and vowels are generally voiced • Produces periodic wave – regular increases and decreases in pressure

  19. Vocal Folds during Voicing www.linguistics.ucla.edu/.../slowcords.gif

  20. Phonation Types, cont. 4. Creaky Voice – One end of vocal folds is closed completely, while a small opening in the front is opened; it vibrates slowly and produces a low frequency sound • Slow, irregular vibration • IPA diacritic = [~] under the symbol • Also known as “vocal fry”

  21. Vocal Folds during Creaky Voice . http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/phonetik/EGG/page10.htm#creak phonetics.ucla.edu/vowels/chapter12/creaky.html

  22. Phonation Types, cont. 5. Whisper – Turbulent airflow is caused by narrowing of glottis • Used for sociolinguistic or paralinguistic effect in languages (emotion, secrecy, etc.) • VERY rare as linguistic use • Catford calls this “murmur” • Hook diacritic below sound

  23. Audio Files of Phonation Types • http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/phonetik/EGG/page10.htm#creak

  24. Photos of 4 Major Phonation States Breathy/Murmur Voiceless Creaky Voiced

  25. Examples of Phonation Types within Languages (From Dr. Caroline Wiltshire) Voiceless Sonorants Breathy Voice/Murmur

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