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Access to Education

Access to Education . A Global Report. The State of Education Series. November 2012. Access to Education: Indicators. This presentation includes data on: Total enrollments by region Out of School Children (OOS) of primary school age Net Enrollment Rates (NER)/Gross Enrollment Rates (GER)

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Access to Education

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  1. Access to Education A Global Report The State of Education Series November2012

  2. Access to Education: Indicators This presentation includes data on: • Total enrollments by region • Out of School Children (OOS) of primary school age • Net Enrollment Rates (NER)/Gross Enrollment Rates (GER) • Correlations between GDP per capita and enrollment rates for each educational level • Education equality: Income/gender/location disparities in education access

  3. Acronym Guide

  4. Summary • Less than half of the world’s pre-primary age students were enrolled in pre-primary education in 2010 (48.3%), but enrolment rates have been rising over time. SSA and MNA’s enrolment rates lag far behind other regions with less than ¼ of pre-primary age children enrolled. • In 2010, 90.7% of primary age students worldwide were enrolled in school. The rate has improved since 2000 (84.5%), but little progress has been made since 2008. • 60.7 million primary school age children were out of school (OOS) in 2010. Over half of the world's out of school children live in SSA and over 1/5 live in South Asia. • Since 2008, the global rate of children out of school has remained the same at 9.3%.

  5. Summary(continued) • 62.5% of secondary school age students were enrolled in 2010, which was an 9.4 percentage point improvement over 2000. SSA lags far behind other regions in secondary enrollments with just over ¼ of students enrolled in 2010. • The global tertiary gross enrollment rate (GER) has gradually improved from 19% in 2000 to 29.2% in 2010 but GERs vary greatly across regions. More than half of youth are enrolled in ECA (55.6%) compared to 6.8% of youth in SSA. • On the global level, gender parity in pre-primary and primary enrolment rates has been achieved. There is a small male bias in secondary enrolment rates (GPI = 0.96) and a female bias in tertiary enrolments (GPI = 1.08).

  6. Pre-Primary Education

  7. How many children are enrolled in pre-primary education? • Around 164 million children were enrolled in pre-primary education in 2010. This is up from 134 million in 2005 and 112 million in 1999. • Over half of enrolled students were in either SAS or EAP (48 and 40 million respectively). • 25% of total pre-primary enrollments were in India and 16% were in China. • 79 million (48.2%) were girls.

  8. How many children are enrolled?Pre-Primary – Gross Enrolment Rates (GER) Pre-Primary Gross Enrolment Rates have increased in all regions since 2000 • Globally, less than half of pre-primary age students were enrolled in pre-primary education in 2010, but all regions increased pre-primary enrolments between 2000 and 2010. • SAS almost doubled its pre-primary GER between 2000 (25.4%) and 2010 (48.3%). • LAC’s GERs are consistently the highest among regions ranging from 56.8% to 70.1%. • SSA and MNA lag behind other regions with 17.7% and 23.8% GERs respectively in 2010.

  9. Which countries have the lowest pre-primary enrollment rates? • 8 of the 10 countries with the lowest pre-primary net enrolment rates (NER) are in SSA. • Of the 130 countries with data, 18 countries had less than 10% of their children enrolled in pre-primary education. • 36 countries had less than 25% of their children enrolled in pre-primary. • 19 countries had pre-primary enrollments higher than 90%.

  10. Which countries have increased pre-primary enrollment rates the most? • These countries have increased their pre-primary GERs by 25 to 66 percentage points between 1999-2001 and 2009-2011. • Half of the countries at least doubled their NER over time. • Algeria improved from 3.4% to 66% – a 1928% improvement. • Only two of these countries have a current NER over 90% – Barbados and Maldives.

  11. Net Enrollment Rate. Pre-Primary (%) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2012 Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011) The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.

  12. Are lower pre-primary enrollment rates related to lower national income per capita? All low income countries had less than one-third of children enrolled in pre-primary education. • All the low income countries ($1025 or less) have less than 16% of children enrolled in pre-primary education except Gambia (27%), Kenya (29%), and Tanzania (33%). • 24 countries had NERs less than 15%. Only 4 of those had GNI per capita higher than $1100. All the countries were lower than $4780 (Bosnia). • All of the countries with NERs higher than 90% had GNI greater than $12,000 except Thailand, Grenada, and Maldives. Norway Switzerland Australia Qatar Ireland

  13. Do gender disparities exist in pre-primary enrollment rates? • Gender parity in pre-primary enrolments (1.0) has been achieved globally and in most regions. • Gender parity indices (GPIs) are calculated by dividing the female value for an indicator by the male value, so perfect gender parity equals 1. A value below 1 indicates a bias toward males. A value above 1 indicates a bias toward females. • Globally, the GPI has been increasing from .98 in 2000 to perfect gender parity (1.0) in 2010. • Most regions are very close to gender parity (+/- 0.02) in 2010. Only MNA lags behind. • 4 of 6 regions have a slight female bias.

  14. Do rural/urban disparities exist in pre-primary attendance rates in ECA? • %of 3 to 4 year olds attending any type of pre–primary education program Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012

  15. Do income disparities exist in pre-primary attendance rates in SSA? • %of 3 to 4 year olds attending any type of pre–primary education program Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012

  16. Primary Education

  17. How many children are enrolled in primary schools? • Around 691 million children were enrolled in primary school in 2010. This is up from 685 million in 2005 and 655 million in 2000. • Over half of enrolled students were in either SAS or EAP (182 and 172 million respectively). • 21% of total primary enrollments were in India and 15% were in China. • 330 million (47.7%) were girls.

  18. Have primary enrolments improved? Primary – Adjusted Net Enrollment Rates (ANER) Primary Enrolment Rates have increased since 2000, but little progress has been made since 2008. • In 2010, 90.7% of primary school age children around the world were enrolled in primary or secondary education. • This figure rose each year between 1999 (83.7%) and 2008, but the figure remained unchanged between 2008 and 2010. • All regions have increased ANERs since 2000, but SSA and SAS improved the most – 16 percentage points in SSA and 14 percentage points in SAS. Continued…

  19. Have primary enrolments improved? Primary – Adjusted Net Enrollment Rates (ANER) Primary Enrolment Rates have increased since 2000, but little progress has been made since 2008. • Since 2008, SSA has only improved by 0.1% and SAS by 0.4%. • SAS's improvement moved it closer to other regions by 2010 (92.3%), but SSA still lags far behind with a ANER of 76.2% in 2010. • ECA’s ANER peaked in 2002 at 96.6% and has been lower since. • EAP and LAC are the only 2 regions with ANERs higher than 95% in 2010.

  20. Which countries have the lowest primary enrollment rates? • In the top 2 countries (Eritrea and Djibouti), less than half of primary school age children are enrolled in primary school. • All of the countries with the lowest adjusted net enrollment rates (ANER) are in SSAexcept Djibouti. • Of the 20 countries with the lowest primary ANERs,15 are in SSA. • There is a large range among the listed countries: #10 Gambia’s ANER almost doubles #1 Eritrea’s.

  21. Which countries have increased primary enrollment rates the most? • These countries have increased their primary ANERs by 22 to 42 percentage points between 1999/2000 and 2010/2011. • Ethiopia and Niger more than doubled their ANERs, but more than 1/3 of children are still not enrolled in Niger. • Only Zambia has increased its ANERto over 90%. All the countries need to continue improving to reach universal primary enrolment.

  22. Adjusted Net Enrollment Rate. Primary (%) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2012 Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011) The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.

  23. Do countries with low national income per capita have low primary enrollments? There is no clear association between low national income p.c. and low primary enrollment rates. • Low income does not necessarily indicate lower primary enrolment rates: Countries with the lowest gross national income (GNI) per capita (<$500) have ANERs ranging from 35% (Eritrea) to 97.5% (Malawi). • Countries with the lowest primary ANERs (less than 75%) have GNI p.c. less than $1270. Equatorial Guinea is the only exception with 56.3% primary ANER and $14,540 GNI pc.

  24. Which regions have reached gender parity in primary enrollments? • All regions except MNA and SSA are within 0.03 of gender parity in primary enrollments. • Gender parity indices (GPIs) are calculated by dividing the female value for an indicator by the male value, so perfect gender parity equals 1. A value below 1 indicates a bias toward males. A value above 1 indicates a bias toward females. • Globally, the GPI has been increasing from .93 in 1999 to .98 in 2010. • Most regions are very close to gender parity (+/- 0.03). Only MNA and SSA lag behind. • EAP, ECA, and LAC have achieved gender parity in primary (+/- 0.02).

  25. Have most countries reached gender parity in primary enrollments? • 78% of countries are within 0.05 of gender parity in primary enrollments. • Half of countries with data have already achieved gender parity (+/- .02). • 78% of countries with data are within 0.05 of gender parity. • Many more countries have a bias toward males in primary enrolments (GPI<1). • Afghanistan has the largest male bias at .69 followed by Central African Rep. and Chad at .73. • San Marino has the highest female bias at 1.134. Female Bias Male Bias

  26. Which countries have the largest gender disparities in primary enrolment rates? • The male primary gross enrolment rate in these countries is much higher than the female gross enrolment rate. • 7 of 10 countries are in SSA. 2 are in South Asia and 1 is in MNA. • Of the 20 countries with the lowest GPIs (GPI<0.9),14 are in SSA, 2 are in SAS, 2 are in EAP (Togo and PNG), and 1 is in LAC (Dominican Republic).

  27. Which countries have decreased gender disparity in primary the most? • These countries have moved from 0.14 to 0.25 percentage points closer to gender parity (1) between 2000/2001 and the most recent data year. • 6 of the 10 countries are in SSA; 2 are in MNA and 2 in South Asia. • Senegal now has higher female enrollment rates than male enrollment rates (1.06). • Burundi and India have reached gender parity.

  28. Do gender, income, or location disparities exist in primary attendance rates? • Gender, income and location disparities are small in all regions except except SAS and SSA. • EAP, ECA, LAC, and MNA do not have large disparities in primary net attendance rates (NAR) between genders, rural/urban locations, or top/bottom income quintiles. • The largest disparities in most regions are associated with income. In SSA and SAS, there is a 20 percentage point difference between the top/bottom income quintiles. • Rural students in SSA also have NARs that are 12 percentage points lower than urban students.2

  29. Which regions have the highest percentage of children out-of-school? Rates of Children Out-of-School have decreased since 1999, but progress has slowed since 2008. • In 1999, 16% of primary school age children were OOS. 42% of children in SSA and almost a quarter of children in SAS were OOS. • By 2010, 9.3% of children were OOS globally, but SSA’s rate was still much higher at 23.8%. • Most of the progress in reducing the rate of children OOS occurred between 1999 and 2008. Since 2008, global and regional rates have basically remained the same.

  30. Which countries have highest rates of children out-of-school? • More than half of primary-school age children are out of school in Eritrea and Djibouti. • More than a quarter of primary school aged children are out-of-school in 14 countries. • 47 countries have more than 10% of children out-of-school. • Nine of ten countries are in SSA.

  31. Out-of-school rate for children of primary school age (%) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012 Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011) The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.

  32. Which region has the most out of school (OOS) children? • In 2010, ¾ of the world’s out-of-school (OOS) children lived in two regions: SSA and SAS. • Over half (55%) of the world's out of school children lived in SSA. • ECA had the smallest percentage of the world’s OOS children at 1.8% followed by MNA (3.9%) and LAC (4.4%). Out-of-School Children of Primary School Age by Region (2010)

  33. How many primary school age children are out of school (OOS)? The total number of out-of-school children has decreased by 47 million since 1999. • In 1999, 107.7 million children were out of primary school. • The total decreased to 72.6 million in 2005 and 60.7 million in 2010. • There were 47 million fewer children OOS in 2010 than in 1999. • Since 2008, the global number of out-of-school children has grown from 60.66 million to 60.69 million (2009) and 60.73 million in 2010.

  34. How much have regions decreased the total number of OOS children? All regions have decreased their total number of out-of-school children since 1999. • SAS and MNA more than halved the total number of OOS children between 1999 and 2010. In SAS, the total number of OOS children decreased by 25.6 million or 66%. • SSA decreased the total number by 12.3 million, which was a 27% decrease between 1999 and 2010, but the total number increased by 1.5 million between 2008 and 2010.

  35. Which countries have the most out-of-school children? • 45.8% of the world’s out-of-school children live in the 10 countries listed here. • Five of the countries are in SSA and 3 are in SAS. • Nigeria almost has as many OOS children as the regional totals for LAC, ECA, and MNA combined (10.9 million). • The US is #8 in the ranking because of the large size of the school age population and also possibly because of a lack of consistent data collection on home-schooled children.

  36. Are more females out-of-school than males? More Females are Out of Primary School than Males • In 1999, there were almost 62 million females out-of-school compared to 45.5 million males. 58% of the world’s out-of-school children were female. • In 2010, around 32 million girls were out of school compared to 28.6 million boys. 52.5% of out-of-school children were female. • The gap between male and female totals decreased from 16.5 million to 3.6 million between 1999 and 2010.

  37. Where are more females out-of-school? 3 out of every 4 Out-of-School Girls are in either Sub-Saharan Africa or South Asia • Over half of the world’s out of school girls are in SSA, and just under 1/4 are in South Asia. • South Asia has decreased its total number of females out-of-school by 17.7 million since 1999. The region’s total dropped from 25 million to 7 million. • SSA has also decreased its total from 24.3 million in 1999 to 17.5 million in 2010.

  38. Which countries have the most females OOS? • Around half of the world’s out-of-school females live in these 10 countries. • 36% of the world’s out-of-school females live in the Top 4 countries. • Nigeria, Pakistan, and India all have more our-of-school females that the sum of all females out-of-school in LACand ECA. • Half of the countries are in SSA and three are in South Asia.

  39. Are there gender, income, or location disparities in the % of children OOS? • Low income is the greatest source of disparity in percentages of OOS children across regions. • In all regions, more low income students are OOS than high income students. SAS has the largest income disparity at 29 percentage points difference between the top and bottom quintiles. SSA follows closely behind with 24 points. • A higher % of boys are OOS in EAP, ECA, and LAC, but a higher % of girls are OOS in SAS and SSA. • In all regions except for ECA, a higher % of rural students are OOS. This disparity is highest in SSA at 15 percentage points.2

  40. Do rural/urban disparities in educational access exist in SSA? Percentage of 7 to16 year olds who has never been to school. • Percentage of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012

  41. Do income disparities exist in educational access in SAS and EAP? • South Asia (SAS) Percentage of 7 to16 year olds who has never been to school. • East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012

  42. Secondary Education

  43. How many children are enrolled in secondary schools? • Over 543 million students are enrolled in secondary school worldwide. • This total is up from 510 million in 2005 and 451 million in 2000. • Over half of the world’s secondary school students are in either EAP or SAS. • 38 percent of total secondary enrolments are in China (18%) and India (20%) • 258 million (47.5%) are girls.

  44. How many children are enrolled?Secondary – Net Enrollment Rates (NER) Over one-third of secondary school age children are not in school, but progress has been made over time. • In 2000, just over half (53%) of secondary school age children were enrolled. This figure has risen by 9.4 percentage points to 62.5% in 2010. • ECA has consistently had the highest net enrolment rates (NERs) over time at around 80%. • Unlike in primary, secondary NERs have consistently improved over time globally and in most regions. Continued…

  45. How many children are enrolled?Secondary – NER (continued) Over one-third of secondary school age children are not in school, but progress has been made over time. • EAP has made the most progress between 2000 (55%) and 2010 (72%) followed by SAS, which improved by 11 percentage points between 2000 and 2008. • SSA improved by 6.7 percentage points between 2000 and 2007, but still was more than 20 percent behind other regions with NERs ranging from 20-26%. • Almost ¾ of secondary school age students are not enrolled in SSA, and almost half are not enrolled in SAS.

  46. Which countries have the lowest secondary enrollment rates? • More than 2/3 of secondary school age students are out-of-school in these countries. Almost 90% of students are not enrolled in Niger and Angola. • 25 countries have less than half of secondary school age students enrolled. • Djibouti is the only country on the list that is not in SSA. • #10 Eritrea’s NER is almost 3 times higher than #1 Niger’s NER. • #5 Mozambique improved from 3.4% in 2001 to 17.3% in 2011.

  47. Which countries have improved secondary enrolment rates the most? • These countries have improved their secondary net enrolment rates (NER) by 16 to 32 percentage points between 1999-2001 and 2009-2011. • Bhutan has more than doubled its 2001 NER, but still has around half of secondary school age students OOS in 2011. • Despite their improvement, only three of these countries have NERs higher than 75%.

  48. Net Enrollment Rate. Secondary (%) Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012 Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011) The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.

  49. Do low secondary enrollments relate to low national income per capita? There is no clear association between low national income per capita and low secondary enrolment rates. • Low gross national income (GNI) per capita does not necessarily lead to low secondary NERs. Low income countries (<$1025 GNI pc) have NERs ranging from 10.2% (Niger) to 85% (Tajikistan). • All countries with a GNI pc over $10,000 have a NER over 70% except Liechtenstein and Uruguay. • Almost all countries with secondary NERs less than 50% have a GNI pc less than $3000. The exceptions are Swaziland and Angola.

  50. Which regions have reached gender parity in secondary enrollments? • Gender disparities in secondary enrollments vary greatly across regions. • Globally, the gender parity index (GPI) for secondary net enrollment rate (NER) has been increasing from 0.92 in 2000 to 0.96 in 2010. • ECA is the only region within +/- 0.05 of gender parity (1.0). • LAC has consistently had higher female NERs. • EAP has reversed from a male bias (0.96) in 2000 to a female bias (1.06) in 2010. • SAS has greatly decreased gender disparity over time. • SSA has maintained a male bias 0.80 since 2000. Female Bias Male Bias

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