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Plant Recognition: Classification Identification of Field Crops

Field Crop Classification. Field crops may be classified according to:Use Growing seasonGrowth habitsLife spanBinomial classification. General Field Crop Classification. Cotton. Corn. Grain Sorghum. Soybeans. Wheat. Oats. Barley. Rye. Bermudagrass. Alfalfa. Clover. Vetch. Lespedeza. Cultivated Row Crops.

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Plant Recognition: Classification Identification of Field Crops

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    1. Plant Recognition: Classification & Identification of Field Crops Instructional Materials Service Texas A&M University - 8390 -

    3. General Field Crop Classification

    5. Field Crops Classified According to Use Cereal crops (grass family) include: Corn Wheat Rice Grain Sorghum Barley Oats Rye

    6. Field Crops Classified According to Use Legume seed crops include: Soybeans Peanuts Field beans Garden peas Lentils Cowpeas

    7. Field Crops Classified According to Use Forage crops include: Corn Sorghum Oats Barley Low-growing pasture grasses Legume forages include alfalfa and clover

    8. Field Crops Classified According to Use Root crops include: Sweet potatoes Carrots Rutabagas Beets Turnips

    9. Field Crops Classified According to Use Fiber crops include: Cotton Flax Hemp

    10. Field Crops Classified According to Use Sugar crops include: Sugar beets Sugarcane Sweet sorghum

    11. Field Crops Classified According to Use Oilseed crops include: Cotton (cottonseed) Soybean Flax Peanuts Sunflowers Castro beans

    12. Field Crops Classified According to Use Tuber crops include: Irish (white) potatoes Artichokes

    13. Field Crops Classified According to Use Stimulant crops include: Tobacco Coffee Tea

    14. Field Crops Classified According to Special Uses Green-manure crops include: Clover Vetch Cowpeas Soybeans When plowed into the soil, these crops supply nutrients and organic matter to improve soil quality.

    15. Field Crops Classified According to Special Uses Clover crops include: Crimson clover Rye Vetch Oats Wheat Seasonal grasses Clover crops protect the soil against wind and water erosion and loss of nutrients.

    16. Field Crops Classified According to Special Uses Emergency (catch) crops are quick-growing crops planted to replace other crops that have failed. Such crops include: Sudangrass Rye Millet

    17. Field Crops Classified According to Special Uses Green-chop crops include crops that are cut green and fed, uncured, to livestock. Green-chop crops include: Sorghum Alfalfa Corn Soybeans

    18. Field Crops Classified According to Special Uses Silage crops produced for animal feed are harvested then passed through stages of partial fermentation. Crops harvested for silage include: Corn Sorghum Soybeans Cowpeas Clover

    19. Field Crops Classified According to Special Uses Companion crops are those grown to aid the growth of other crops. Examples of companion crops include: Grasses Clover Peas Beans

    20. Classification of Field Crops According to Season of Growth The two distinct growing seasons for crop growth in the United States are: The warm season (spring and summer) The cool season (fall and winter)

    21. Classification of Field Crops According to Season of Growth

    22. Warm Season Crops Warm season crops include: Cotton Tobacco Field peas Sorghum Citrus Fruits These crops are found in subtropical crop belts, cotton belt, and dairy region of the United States.

    23. Cool Season Crops Cool season crops include: Wheat Oats Barley Potatoes Rye These crops are grown in the wheat belts, corn belt, and hay and dairy regions of the United States.

    24. Classification of Field Crops According to Life Span Crop life cycles include: Annuals (complete their life cycle in one growing season) Biennials (complete their life cycle in two growing seasons) Perennials (complete their life cycle in two or more growing seasons)

    25. Classification of Field Crops According to Life Span Annuals grow, mature, produce seed, and die in a single growing season. Annuals reproduce from seeds. Summer annuals include corn, beans, peas, and sorghum. Winter annuals include winter wheat, winter peas, and vetch.

    26. Classification of Field Crops According to Life Span Biennials complete their life cycles in two growing seasons. During the first season they produce vegetative parts and store food. In the second season they use the stored food for flower and seed formation, then die. Examples of biennials are sweet clover, cabbage, beets, and carrots.

    27. Classification of Field Crops According to Life Span Perennials grow for more than two growing seasons. Most perennials mature after the first growing season but do not produce flowers until the following season or later. Perennial crops include white clover, bermudagrass, and lespedeza.

    28. Binomial Classification System Binomial classification identifies plants by name according to their: Genus Species

    29. Binomial Classification System Taxonomists use botanical names to identify plants universally. Plant names are derived from Latin descriptions. Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, developed the presently used botanical classification of plants in 1753.

    30. Binomial Classification System Linnaeus categorized all organisms into seven hierarchical groupings: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

    31. Binomial Classification System

    32. Binomial Classification System The genus, species, and cultivar names are sufficient to properly identify a plant. A cultivar (variety) is: A rank within a species Developed by plant breeders Is distinguished by a capitalized name before the common name of the species.

    33. Four Plant Kingdoms

    34. Four Plant Kingdoms

    35. Four Plant Kingdoms

    36. Four Plant Kingdoms Pteridophytes are plants that include: Ferns Horsetails Clubmosses

    37. Four Plant Kingdoms Spermatophyes are highly developed plants that produce seeds of fruit. Spermatophytes include all field crop plants. They are also called vascular plants or Tracheophytes because the vascular vessels transport water and nutrients to the plant roots, stems, and leaves.

    38. Four Plant Kingdoms

    39. Two Subphylums of Seed-Producing Plants (Spermatophytes) The phylum of spermatophytes consists of two subphylums: Gymnosperms produce seeds not enclosed in ovaries Angiosperms produce seeds enclosed in ovaries There are two classes of angiosperms Monocotyledons Dicotyledons

    40. Two Subphylums of Seed-Producing Plants (Spermatophytes) Gymnosperms include: Pine Fir Spruce Angiosperms include: Oak Fruit Trees Field Crops

    41. Monocotyledons and dicotyledons are two classes of angiosperms A monocotyledon plant has a single cotyledon or seed leaf. Monocot plants include the grass family (Gramineae) consisting of all cereal crops and about three-fourths of cultivated forage crops. Two Subphylums of Seed-Producing Plants (Spermatophytes)

    42. A dicotyledon seed has two cotyledons or seed leaves. Dicotyledon plants include six important families. Legume (Fabaceae) includes beans, peas, peanuts, vetches, lespedeza, alfalfa, clovers, soybeans, and kudzu. Nightshade (Solanaceae) includes white potatoes, tobacco, peppers, eggplant, and ground cherries Two Subphylums of Seed-Producing Plants (Spermatophytes)

    43. Two Subphylums of Seed-Producing Plants (Spermatophytes) Mustard (Brassicaceae) includes turnips, kale, rutabaga, cabbage, cauliflower, brussel sprouts, radishes, watercress, and mustard Morning glory (Convolvulaceae) includes morning glories, sweet potatoes, dodder Mallow (Malvaceae) includes cotton and okra Rose (Rosaceae) includes ornamental roses, peaches, almonds, apricots, peas, apples, plums, and strawberries

    44. Distinguishing Features of Monocots & Dicots Embryo with single cotyledon Pollen with single furrow or pore Flower parts in multiples of three Major leaf veins parallel Stem vascular bundles scattered Root are adventitious Secondary growth absent

    45. Distinguishing Features of Monocots & Dicots Roots Monocots have a fibrous root system Dicots have a taproot system

    46. Distinguishing Features of Monocots & Dicots

    47. Distinguishing Features of Monocots & Dicots

    48. Distinguishing Features of Monocots & Dicots Stems (monocot) The vascular system is asymmetrical The vascular bundles are scattered Monocot stems lack vascular cambium Monocots stems are non-woody

    49. Distinguishing Features of Monocots & Dicots Stems (dicot) The vascular bundles are symmetrical The vascular bundles are arranged in a ring or circle The cambium layer is located in a ring around the vascular bundle A dicot stem can be either woody or non-woody

    50. Distinguishing Features of Monocots & Dicots Leaves (monocot) Primary structure of a monocot leaf include the blade and a sheath that envelopes the stem Leaves occur in two alternate rows of the stem and attach to the stem at nodes The main leaf veins are parallel to each other

    51. Distinguishing Features of Monocots & Dicots

    52. Distinguishing Features of Monocots & Dicots Leaves (dicot) Dicot leaves are net-veined. Secondary veins branch from the primary midrib A simple leaf has a one-piece blade A compound leaf has many leaflets that join at the base of the leaf stalk (petiole) Appendages or stipules at the base of the leaf stalk occur on some dicots

    53. Distinguishing Features of Monocots & Dicots

    54. Distinguishing Features of Monocots & Dicots Flowers (monocot) Petals and sepals are usually arranged in multiples of three In grasses, flower parts have a compact or open inflorescence Flower is usually arranged in a spikelet, having a pair of bracts or glumes at the base Stamens may vary (three is most common) Bracts (palea and lemma) help support the stamens

    55. Distinguishing Features of Monocots & Dicots Flowers (dicot) Petals, sepals, and other parts are arranged in multiples of four or five Stamens and pistils (stigma, style, and ovary) have different arrangements Flower are arranged butterfly-like as in leguminous field crops Most clovers, flowers are arranged in heads In alfalfa, flowers are arranged in spike-like racemes

    56. Distinguishing Features of Monocots & Dicots

    57. Summary Plant classification systems group plants for identification purposes. These methods include the classification of field crops based on use, season of growth, and life span. Binomial classification is a (two name) system of identifying plants based on Latin descriptions.

    58. Acknowledgements Kelly Coleman, Graduate Assistant, Department of Agricultural Education, Texas A&M University, researched and developed the information used in this PowerPoint presentation. Keith Zamzow, Curriculum Specialist, Instructional Materials Service, Texas A&M University, edited and reviewed this PowerPoint presentation. Christine Stetter, Graphic Artist, Instructional Materials Service, Texas A&M University, developed and illustrated this PowerPoint presentation.

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