1 / 16

Conjunction

Conjunction . This is a method for cells to gain new genes by taking in plasmids. This occurs when cells temporarily join membranes to exchange genetic material. This type of gene transmission is known as “horizontal.”

emory
Télécharger la présentation

Conjunction

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Conjunction • This is a method for cells to gain new genes by taking in plasmids. • This occurs when cells temporarily join membranes to exchange genetic material. • This type of gene transmission is known as “horizontal.” • This process increases genetic variety by allowing new genes to spread through populations, and by resulting in different combinations of genes. • The ability to join membranes may be related to the process of mitosis. • This occurs in stressful conditions, possibly as an adaptation to find new DNA to replace damaged DNA.

  2. Alternating Generations • This is when an organism has two distinct stages of development as a part of its life cycle. • Diploid organisms alternate by producing a generation of haploid organisms through meiosis. • The haploid organisms then join to form a new diploid organism. • This is one of the earliest forms of genuine sexual reproduction. • This may have evolved as an adaptation to spread colonies when food supplies in an area run low.

  3. Clone • This is an exact genetic duplicate of an organism. • These are made by cells during mitosis. • This type of cell reproduction is found in all organisms. • This is the simplest form of reproduction, but it limits genetic variety in a population.

  4. Diploid • This is when an organism contains two full sets of genes. • This occurs when two haploid cells join together. • Humans are diploid. • To produce haploid sex cells, diploid cells must undergo the process of meiosis.

  5. Egg • This is a female animal’s gamete.

  6. Sperm • This is male animal’s gamete.

  7. Gamete • This is a sex cell. • They are usually generated by diploid organisms. • They are related to their parent organism, but are genetically distinct and have half the numbers of genes – usually haploid in animals. • By joining together, two gametes can form a new diploid organism.

  8. Genome • This is the full set of all the genes normally found in a species.

  9. Haploid • This is when a cell contains only one full set of genes. • Most prokaryotes are haploid. • Animal gametes are usually haploid. • Haploid cells can be produced by diploid cells through meiosis.

  10. Meiosis • This is the form of cellular reproduction where Haploid cells are produced by a diploid parent cell. • Meiosis produces four daughter cells from one original parent cell. • The resulting haploid cells are gametes.

  11. Plasmid • This are rings of DNA. • Plasmids can contain one or more functioning genes. • Plasmids may be taken into cells through transformation or conjugation. • Plasmids may be joined to a cell’s existing chromosome(s) to become a part of the cell’s heritable genome. • Plasmids can remain in a cell’s cytoplasm. • Plasmids can be transcribed and translated ina cell to produce proteins.

  12. Primitive • This means to resemble an original state of being.

  13. Sexual reproduction • This is when an organism produced gametes that can join together with other gametes. • The gametes produced typically have half the number of gene sets as their parent organism. • Once joined, the combined gene sets of joined gametes form a complete genetic set. • Sexual reproduction creates offspring that are related to but not identical to parent organisms.

  14. Transformation • This is a process where cells gain new plasmids. • They find plasmids in the extracellular environment and bring them into the cell through endocytosis. • This occurs in stressful conditions, possibly as an adaptation to find new DNA to replace damaged DNA. • This can increase genetic variation in a population.

  15. Zoospore • This is a primitive gamete. • This is an example of alternating generations. • These are mobile haploid gametes produced by stationary diploid parents. • They are a way or reproducing when food in running out for a colony. • When united with another zoospore, they settle to form a new organism that can grow into a colony. • Unlike most modern animal gametes, zoospores can live independently.

  16. “n” • This is a mathematical way to indicate how many sets of genes an organism typically has. • Haploid creatures are 1n • Diploid Creatures are 2n

More Related