AP Review

1. AP Review 1607-1763

2. Indentured Servants • Europeans who came to the colonies under contract for labor (3 to 7 years) • Received transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities during the time of indenture

3. Trade and Navigation Acts • 1651 • Restricted foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies with purpose of: • 1. More profit for England • 2. Stop trade with other countries

4. Mayflower Compact • Written by Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower as a covenant to obey the rules • Women not included

5. Roger Williams • Founded the colony of Rhode Island for religious toleration due to religious persecution by Puritans

6. Great Puritan Migration • 1629 to 1640 • King Charles I dissolved Parliament • Prevents Puritan leaders from working within the system to effect change • Made them vulnerable to persecution • Twenty thousand men, women, and children migrate to MBC

7. New England Confederation • Military alliance consisting of New England colonies with purpose of uniting Puritans against Native Americans

8. Freedom of Consciences • Puritan idea to practice their religion freely and their desire to promote religious tolerance

9. Jonathan Edwards • Key Christian preacher of the 1st Great Awakening • Preached against wealth in churches • Sermons were geared toward youth who believed that did not fit in

10. Halfway Covenant • Devised in response to dwindling church attendance • Allowed non-church member parents to have their children baptized as long as they agreed to raise the children in the church

11. Salem Witch Trials • Occurs 1692-93 colonial Massachusetts • Common belief that the devil caused disease and other natural catastrophes • Brought on by hysteria and accusations of teenaged girls believed to be afflicted • 200 people accused, 20 people executed

12. City On a hill • Phrase from 1630 sermon given by John Winthrop • Telling the colonists of MBC that their capital city of Boston would be the model of Christianity that the world would be watching

13. William Penn • Quaker founder of Pennsylvania • Founded as haven of religious toleration • Noted for making and not breaking treaties with Native Americans

14. Proprietary Colony • Colonies that were granted to an individual or group by the British crown and had full rights of self-government • Ex. Maryland and Pennsylvania

15. Charter colonies • A type of colony in which an individual or group had to first obtain a charter to establish the colony • The King established the rules under which the colony was to be governed through the charter • Ex. Connecticut and MBC

16. Royal colony • Colonies governed by the King’s appointed officials • By the start of the Am. Rev. only Rhode Island and Connecticut were not royal colonies

17. Peter Zenger trial/1735 • As publisher of the New York Weekly Journal, Zenger is arrested for printing libelous comments about the governor of New York, William Cosby • Zenger is found not guilty • Important case in the foundations of freedom of speech in America

18. King philip’s war • 1675-1676 • Caused by the continued invasion of Puritans onto Native American land • Led by Metacomet, chief of the Wampanoag Indians who was called King Philip by the Puritans • After the fighting ended, only a few isolated Indian communities survived

19. George Whitefield • Probably the most famous religious figure of the eighteenth century • Traveled the colonies 1730s and 1740s preaching to large crowds • His impact help begin the Great Awakening

20. Great Awakening • The widespread colonial revival of religion • Considered to be an American version of the Protestant Reformation • Decadence was condemned with calls for purity and piety

21. Thomas Hobbes • Author of Leviathon • Philosophy centered around life in a state of nature with no rules would be brutal and short • Believed in a social contract where the state kept peace and order • Believed an absolute monarchy was the best form of government

22. Mercantilism • Theory of trade in which a nation should export more than it imports • “Favorable balance of trade” • Developed in Europe after the decline of feudalism • Governments enacted policies that protected their business interests against foreign competition

23. Bacon’s rEbellion • Virginia 1675-1676 • Led by Nathaniel Bacon which began as the indiscriminate attacks on Native Americans • Escalated to attacks on the colonial capital of Jamestown when Virginia governor William Berkeley attempted to stop Bacon’s attacks on Native American communities

24. Harvard College • Founded in 1636 and located in Cambridge, Massachusetts • Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States

25. Middle Passage • Of the triangular slave trade, it was the voyage from Africa to colonies in the Americas • Estimated that 1 in every 6 Africans died during this leg of the passage • Other terms associated: • Tight packers and loose packers • OlaudahEquiano

26. Phyllis Wheatly • Most famous of the African American writers during the revolutionary period • Her book “Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral was published in 1773 • Her works centered around religion and concern for African Americans

27. Puritans • Sought to purify the Anglican Church of Catholic rituals • Led settlement of MBC

28. Pilgrims • English religious dissenters who founded Plymouth Colony

29. Separatists • Radical branch of Puritanism • Believed that the Church of England was too corrupt to be reformed • Sought to completely separate from the C of E

30. House of Burgesses • Established in Virginia 1619 • First body of representative government in the English colonies

31. Anne Hutchinson • Outspoken wife of a Puritan merchant • Criticized certain Boston ministers for not acting pious • Excommunicated and banished from MBC • Resettled in Rhode Island

32. William Bradford • Led the voyage of Pilgrims to form Plymouth Colony • Drafted the Mayflower Compact • Served as governor for over 30 years

33. French and Indian War • 1754-1763 • AKA 7 Years War in Europe • Fought for control of N. America between the British and the French and their Indian allies • Some effects included: • British began to impose stricter control over the colonies • Colonists began to develop a sense of identity separate from England

34. John Locke • English philosopher • Believed that the purpose of government was to protect a person’s natural rights • “Life, liberty, and property”

35. Iroquois Confederacy • Confederation of six Indian tribes across upper New York • Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora • Played a strategic role between the French and British for trade and during war

36. Headrightsystem • Instituted by the Virginia Company to solve labor issues in the colonies • Awards of large plantations to wealthy colonists on the condition that they transport workers from England at their own cost

37. Salutary neglect • Britain's unofficial policy to relax the enforcement of strict trade laws, imposed on the American colonies late in the 17th and early 18th century • Started by prime minister Robert Walpole • Allowed the American colonies to prosper by trading with countries other than England • Then spend that wealth on British-made goods • Unintended side effect: • Colonies operated independently of Britain • Economically and politically • Developed an American identity

38. Albany Plan of union • Proposal of B. Franklin to organize Indian affairs, western settlement, and other items of mutual interest under authority of one general government • British feared that they might not be able to control the union • Colonies rejected the idea fearing loss of their autonomy

39. James oglethorpe • Leader of the colony of Georgia • Wanted to establish a buffer from Spanish invasion from Florida and create a haven for poor British farmers • Initially, slavery was prohibited, but in 1752 the colony was opened up to slavery