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Boundless Teaching Platform: Affordable, Customizable Textbooks & Teaching Tools

Boundless empowers educators with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. With the free Boundless Teaching Platform, educators can customize textbooks in over 20 subjects, assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and access pre-made teaching resources.

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Boundless Teaching Platform: Affordable, Customizable Textbooks & Teaching Tools

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. The Process of Meiosis Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction ] Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction > The Process of Meiosis The Process of Meiosis • Introduction to Meiosis • Meiosis I • Meiosis II • Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/meiosis-and-sexual-reproduction-11/the-process-of-meiosis-92/

  6. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction > Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction • Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction • Life Cycles of Sexually Reproducing Organisms Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/meiosis-and-sexual-reproduction-11/sexual-reproduction-93/

  7. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  8. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Key terms • asexual reproductionany form of reproduction that involves neither meiosis nor fusion of gametes • chromatideither of the two strands of a chromosome that separate during meiosis • crossing overthe exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes • diploidof a cell, having a pair of each type of chromosome, one of the pair being derived from the ovum and the other from the spermatozoon • equatorial divisiona process of nuclear division in which each chromosome divides equally such that the number of chromosomes remains the same from parent to daughter cells • gametea reproductive cell, male (sperm) or female (egg), that has only half the usual number of chromosomes • gametophytea plant (or the haploid phase in its life cycle) that produces gametes by mitosis in order to produce a zygote • haploidof a cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes • meiosis IIthe second part of the meiotic process; the end result is production of four haploid cells from the two haploid cells produced in meiosis I • ploidythe number of homologous sets of chromosomes in a cell • reduction divisionthe first of the two divisions of meiosis, a type of cell division • sexual reproductionSexual reproduction is the creation of a new organism by combining the genetic material of two organisms. There are two main processes during sexual reproduction: meiosis, involving the halving of the number of chromosomes, and fertilization, involving the fusion of two gametes and the restoration of the original number of chromosomes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  9. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction • sporophytea plant (or the diploid phase in its life cycle) that produces spores by meiosis in order to produce gametophytes • tetradtwo pairs of sister chromatids (a dyad pair) aligned in a certain way and often on the equatorial plane during the meiosis process • zygotea diploid fertilized egg cell Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  10. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis Meiosis and mitosis are both preceded by one round of DNA replication; however, meiosis includes two nuclear divisions. The four daughter cells resulting from meiosis are haploid and genetically distinct. The daughter cells resulting from mitosis are diploid and identical to the parent cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Process of Meiosis. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44469/latest/Figure_11_01_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  11. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Offspring Closely Resemble Their Parents In kind means that the offspring of any organism closely resemble their parent or parents. The hippopotamus gives birth to hippopotamus calves (a). Joshua trees produce seeds from which Joshua tree seedlings emerge (b). Adult flamingos lay eggs that hatch into flamingo chicks (c). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44468/latest/Figure_07_00_02abc.jpgView on Boundless.com

  12. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Haploid-Dominant Life Cycle Fungi, such as black bread mold (Rhizopus nigricans), have haploid-dominant life cycles. The haploid multicellular stage produces specialized haploid cells by mitosis that fuse to form a diploid zygote. The zygote undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores. Each spore gives rise to a multicellular haploid organism by mitosis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Sexual Reproduction. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44470/latest/Figure_11_02_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  13. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Alternation of Generations Plants have a life cycle that alternates between a multicellular haploid organism and a multicellular diploid organism. In some plants, such as ferns, both the haploid and diploid plant stages are free-living. The diploid plant is called a sporophyte because it produces haploid spores by meiosis. The spores develop into multicellular, haploid plants called gametophytes because they produce gametes. The gametes of two individuals will fuse to form a diploid zygote that becomes the sporophyte. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Sexual Reproduction. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44470/latest/Figure_11_02_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  14. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Crossover between homologous chromosomes Crossover occurs between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. The result is an exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Process of Meiosis. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44469/latest/Figure_11_01_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  15. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Complete Stages of Meiosis An animal cell with a diploid number of four (2n = 4) proceeds through the stages of meiosis to form four haploid daughter cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Process of Meiosis. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44469/latest/Figure_11_01_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  16. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Diploid-Dominant Life Cycle In animals, sexually-reproducing adults form haploid gametes from diploid germ cells. Fusion of the gametes gives rise to a fertilized egg cell, or zygote. The zygote will undergo multiple rounds of mitosis to produce a multicellular offspring. The germ cells are generated early in the development of the zygote. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Sexual Reproduction. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44470/latest/Figure_11_02_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  17. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction The Sexual Life Cycle In animals, sexually-reproducing adults form haploid gametes from diploid germ cells. Fusion of the gametes gives rise to a fertilized egg cell, or zygote. The zygote will undergo multiple rounds of mitosis to produce a multicellular offspring. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Biological life cycle."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_life_cycleView on Boundless.com

  18. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Synapsis holds pairs of homologous chromosomes together Early in prophase I, homologous chromosomes come together to form a synapse. The chromosomes are bound tightly together and in perfect alignment by a protein lattice called a synaptonemal complex and by cohesin proteins at the centromere. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Process of Meiosis. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44469/latest/Figure_11_01_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Meiosis I ensures unique gametes Random, independent assortment during metaphase I can be demonstrated by considering a cell with a set of two chromosomes (n = 2). In this case, there are two possible arrangements at the equatorial plane in metaphase I. The total possible number of different gametes is 2n, where n equals the number of chromosomes in a set. In this example, there are four possible genetic combinations for the gametes. With n = 23 in human cells, there are over 8 million possible combinations of paternal and maternal chromosomes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Process of Meiosis. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44469/latest/Figure_11_01_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  20. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Meiosis I vs. Meiosis II The process of chromosome alignment differs between meiosis I and meiosis II. In prometaphase I, microtubules attach to the fused kinetochores of homologous chromosomes, and the homologous chromosomes are arranged at the midpoint of the cell in metaphase I. In anaphase I, the homologous chromosomes are separated. In prometaphase II, microtubules attach to the kinetochores of sister chromatids, and the sister chromatids are arranged at the midpoint of the cells in metaphase II. In anaphase II, the sister chromatids are separated. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Process of Meiosis. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44469/latest/Figure_11_01_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Attribution • Wiktionary."diploid."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diploid • Wiktionary."gamete."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gamete • Wiktionary."haploid."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/haploid • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Process of Meiosis. October 28, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44469/latest/ • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44468/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."chromatid."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chromatid • Wiktionary."tetrad."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tetrad • Wikipedia."crossing over."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/crossing%20over • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44469/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."meiosis II."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/meiosis%20II • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44469/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."reduction division."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reduction_division • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/equatorial-division • Wiktionary."ploidy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ploidy • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44469/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."asexual reproduction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/asexual_reproduction • Wikipedia."sexual reproduction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sexual%20reproduction Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  22. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Reproduction Methods. October 26, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44836/latest/ • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Sexual Reproduction. October 26, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m45465/latest/ • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44470/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."sporophyte."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sporophyte • Wiktionary."gametophyte."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gametophyte • Wiktionary."zygote."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zygote • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44470/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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