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Hormones That Affect Metabolism

The thyroid gland, located at the base of the neck, plays a crucial role in metabolism by producing key hormones like thyroxine (T4) and calcitonin. T4, which contains four iodine molecules, regulates how the body metabolizes fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Thyroid functionality is monitored by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, responding to metabolic changes. Disorders such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can lead to various health issues, from fatigue and weight gain to anxiety and muscle swelling. Proper iodine intake is essential to prevent goitre.

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Hormones That Affect Metabolism

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  1. Hormones That Affect Metabolism

  2. Thyroid Gland • Located at the base of neck • Below larynx, in front of the trachea • Made up of two lobes, joined by a band of tissue Pg 400

  3. Thyroid Gland • Produces hormones thyroxine (T4) • Note: the 4 refers to the 4 iodine molecules in the hormone • Increases the rate at which the body metabolises fats, proteins and carbohydrates for energy.

  4. receptors in hypothalamus Stimulus Monitor Low metabolic rate Coordinating Center Hypothalamus  TRH Pituitary  TSH Thyroid  thyroxine (T4) Response Regulators ↑ metabolism • Body cells - ↑ rate of cellular respiration

  5. Thyroid Gland • Produces hormone CALCITONIN • Released in response to high calcium levels in blood

  6. chemoreceptors in blood Stimulus Monitor High blood calcium Coordinating Center Parathyroid – inhibits PTH Thyroid – releases calcitonin Regulators Response ↓ blood calcium • Kidneys - ↑ Ca2+ in urine • Bones – Ca2+ deposited

  7. Parathyroid Glands • Small glands attached to thyroid • Produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) • PTH is released in response to low blood calcium

  8. chemoreceptors in blood Stimulus Monitor low blood calcium Coordinating Center Parathyroid releases PTH Regulators Response • Kidneys - retain Ca2+ • Intestine – retain Ca2+ • Bones – release Ca2+ ↑ blood calcium

  9. Thyroid Disorders Hypothyroidism • thyroid produces extremely low quantities of thyroxine • When in children, produces kids with cretinism – stocky and shorter than avg

  10. Thyroid Disorders Hypothyroidism • when in adults  symptoms include tiredness, slow pulse, puffy skin, hair loss, weight gain

  11. Thyroid Disorders Hyperthyroidism • overproduction of thyroxine • Symptoms – anxiety, insomnia, heat intolerance, irregular heartbeat, weight loss

  12. Thyroid Disorders • Graves Disease – a severe state of hyperthyroidism • Immune system attacks the thyroid • Symptoms – muscles around eyes swell, causes protruding eyes (interferes with vision)

  13. Thyroid Disorders Goitre • Occur when insufficient iodine in diet prevents thyroxine from being made • The feedback loop does not function properly • TSH relentless stimulates the thyroid • Produces an enlarged gland

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