EAST BAY CLEAN CITIES COALITION

1. EAST BAY CLEAN CITIES COALITION Richard Battersby Director, East Bay Clean Cities Coalition Propane Overview Date

2. About Clean Cities Reduce Replace Eliminate Mission To advance the energy, economic, and environmental security of the United States by supporting local decisions to adopt practices that reduce the use of petroleum in the transportation sector Goal Reduce petroleum use by 2.5 billion gallons per year by 2020 • Replacement • Reduction • Elimination Accomplishments • Displaced nearly 3 billion gallons of petroleum since 1993 • Put more than 775,000 alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) on the road • Installed more than 6,600 alternative fueling stations

3. About Clean Cities

4. Propane Basics • Three-carbon alkane gas C3H8 • Also known as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) • Colorless, odorless liquid (when stored under pressure) • High octane rating • Nontoxic • By-product of natural gas processing and crude oil refining • Accounts for 2% of energy used in the U.S. • Less than 2% of propane used in U.S. used in transportation

5. Propane Basics • Propane as a Transportation Fuel • World’s third most common engine fuel • Considered an alternative fuel under the Energy Policy Act of 1992 • Mix of propane (at least 90%), butane, butylene • Stored in on-board tank at 125-150 psi • 25% less energy than gasoline

6. Propane Basics • Production of Propane • Domestically produced • By-product of natural gas processing and petroleum refining • Propane boiling point: -44º F • Methane boiling point: -127º F • Separated from methane through increased pressure, decreased temperature

7. Propane Basics • Propane Distribution • Shipped via pipeline, rail, barge, truck, or tanker ship • Propane trucks distribute to end users

8. Propane Benefits Energy Security • More than 60% of U.S. petroleum imported • World petroleum supplies in unstable regions • Propane use diversifies U.S. energy consumption Convenience, Performance, Safety • Vehicle technology well established • Fueling stations widely available • Extensive existing infrastructure • High energy density • Low flammability • Puncture-resistant tanks

9. Propane Benefits Public Health and Environment • Converted vehicles: • Significant reductions in particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions • Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions reduced 21-24% • Manufactured propane vehicles: • Significantly lower emissions in PM, CO, Nox, and total hydrocarbons.

10. Use: Propane Vehicles Vehicle Types • Dedicated propane • Bi-fuel • Similar to Gasoline Vehicles • Power • Acceleration • Cruising speed • Driving Range • Lower than gasoline vehicles • Liquid propane injection engines hold promise • Maintenance Costs • Lower than gasoline vehicles • Low oil contamination • No cold-start problems • Double engine life of gas engines

11. Use: Propane Vehicles

12. Use: Propane Vehicles Propane Vehicle Availability • Light-duty vehicles available through Ford and GM • Engines and fueling systems for heavy- and medium-duty vehicles • Propane Conversions • Require EPA-approved conversion • Cost: $4,000 to $12,000 • Reasonable payback period for fleets

13. Use: Propane Stations Getting Started • Set your fleet up for success • Convenience is key • Infrastructure Investments • Tank • Pump • Metering equipment • Less expensive than natural gas infrastructure

14. For More Information • C Clean Cities Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center (AFDC)

15. For More Information • Clean Cities • www.cleancities.energy.gov • Alternative Fuels & Advanced Vehicles Data Center (AFDC) • www.afdc.energy.gov • Clean Cities Coordinator Contact Information and Coalition • www.afdc.energy.gov/cleancities/progs/coordinators.php

16. For More Information