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Complex sentences

Learn about complex sentence structures, subordinating conjunctions, relative pronouns, and the importance of using complex sentences in writing to enhance sophistication, connect ideas, and achieve sentence variety.

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Complex sentences

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  1. Complex sentences Complex sentences contain a dependent clause and an independent clause.

  2. Complex Sentences Definition: Complex sentences are comprised of oneindependent clause and one or more dependent clause. Independent clauses: • can stand alone as a complete sentence • contain a subject and a verb and • expressa complete thought. Dependent clauses: • contain a subject and a verb • cannot stand alone as a complete sentence • do not express a complete thought

  3. Examples: • Independent clause: The rainforestcould disappear. • Dependant clause: Unless stepsare taken immediately. • Complex sentence: The rainforest could disappear unless steps are taken immediately.

  4. Types of complex sentences There are two types of complex sentences. • Subordinating conjunctions • Example: When the fish ate the bait, Martina reeled it in. • Relative pronouns • Example: Email, which has been popular for many years, is losing its status to text and instant messaging.

  5. Type 1: Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinate conjunctions express: • Time (after, before, until, when, while, since …) • Reason or cause (as, because) • Result or effect (in order that, so that) • Condition (even if, if, unless) • Contrast (although, even though, though, whereas)

  6. 2 Patterns with Subordinate Conjunctions • Dependent clause, independent clause. (comma) • Example: Even though she studied for the exam until 2 a.m., she did not receive an A. • Independent clause dependent clause. (no comma) • Example: She did not receive an A even though she studied for the exam until 2 a.m.

  7. Relative Pronouns • Relative pronouns: Who, which, that • Who refers to people – He is the man who bought the car. • Which refers to things – Years of effort produced the Hubble telescope, which is very powerful. • That refers to things or to groups of people – The subject that we discussed was global warming. The Beatles was the band that changed music forever.

  8. Punctuating Complex Sentences with relative pronouns • That: No commas are necessary • Example: The freshman did the homework that was assigned. • Who, which: Commas may be necessary • Commas are necessary when the information in the clause is non-restrictive – when the information is extra and not necessary to the meaning of the sentence. • Example: My car, which is a Honda, is very old. • Commas are not necessary when the information in the clause is restrictive – when the information is necessary to the meaning of the sentence. • Example: The car which is in the yellow zone is going to be towed.

  9. Complex Sentences: Importance Complex sentences are important in writing. • They make writing more sophisticated. • They help connect ideas. • They show the relationship between ideas. • They help writers achieve sentence variety • They can help writers have more impact.

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