Transportation

1. Transportation

2. 1925 survey: 21 of 26 families who owned cars did not have bathtubs with running water. • “You can’t ride to town in a bathtub” • Increased prosperity due to mass production, better standard of living due to decreased working hours

3. Early changes for America • More mobility and freedom for young people • Suburban development • Increased demand for oil • More industrial development

4. How did the automobile help other industries grow? Which were most affected? • How did the car change people’s lives?

5. Henry Ford • Credited with development of assembly line • Ability to mass-produce affordable cars • Employees who built cars could afford to buy them

6. Post-WWII EraIncrease in American’s buying power

7. 1940-1950 • Prosperity! • Income of the average American family nearly tripled • Improved technology enabled nation to produce more and raise standard of living • Increase in disposable income • Second car is symbol of status • Average cost of new car? $2,845

8. Cars and Trucks • As more and more people can afford automobiles, interstate roads are developed which also help in commercial shipping and trucking • Distribution of goods becomes much quicker • By 1990s, trucks move more than 6 billion tons of goods by interstate highway

9. What do you see along the highway? • Interstate travel encouraged the development of cheap hotel chains, roadside convenience stores and fast food restaurants by interstate exits

10. Rise of Suburbs • Interstate highways also contributed to growth of suburbs and urban sprawl • People were able to commute long distances to work

11. By 1950s, suburbs accounted for 85% of new home construction • Why? Escape congestion and crime of cities, seeking the “American Dream” • Affordability—average cost of home is $19,500

12. Other impacts • In the early 1900s, the car was such an oddity that in Vermont the law required a driver to send someone 1/8 of a mile ahead with a red flag • The first ‘shopping center’ was built in Kansas city in 1922

13. Fun 1950s quotes! “Riddle: What’s college? That’s where girls who are above cooking and sewing go to meet a man they can spend their lives cooking and sewing for.” ad for department store “If the television craze continues with the present level of programs, we are destined to have a nation of morons.” David Marsh Do you agree with the last quote? Discuss in pods and come up with 4 reasons for or against, then we’ll share.

14. Match up this 1950 lingo in your pod 1. cool a. dull person, outsider 2. hang loose b. worthy of approval 3. hairy c. formidable 4. yo-yo d. don’t worry Answers: 1. b, 2. d, 3. c, 4. a

15. Review In what ways did interstate highway system change daily life? What are some positives and negatives of suburban sprawl? Where would you like to live when you ‘grow up’?

16. New Industries Beginning in the 1920s, new innovations changed the way Americans lived Electric motors were applied to items like washers, dryers, food mixers and refrigerators

17. Changes for the Middle Class • How could something like the refrigerator change lives? • How could the vacuum cleaner affect time during the day?

18. Leisure Time By 1929, 1 million tickets were being Sold every week! • In 1900, closest thing to a movie was a ‘nickelodeon’

19. Radio! • First broadcast in 1920, ran election results from the Harding-Cox Elections • By 1929, 4 million radios were being made each year!

20. http://youtu.be/nRp2u8d7lrg

21. Advertising these products • Buying on Credit became popular • Buy Now, Pay Later • How are products advertised? • Tactics: envy of peers or neighbors, link a product to a famous person or attractive person, convince consumers they need the product

22. Expert Opinion • Easy Credit • 30-day trials

23. Activity • In your pod, discuss an ad everyone has seen before • What tactics are used? • Is it effective? • What types of ads are most effective? • Are ads directed towards children ‘fair’? • Why or Why not/

24. Weapon Technologya. atomic weaponsb. social and political consequencesc. effect of weapons on everyday life

25. Weapons Manhattan Project: secret plan to develop the atomic weapon in America. U.S. used atomic bombs in 1945 in Japan, first in Hiroshima and 3 days later in Nagasaki WWII ended in 1945 Cold War between U.S. and Soviet Union began shortly after

26. Soviet Development • The Soviet Union successfully conducted its first atomic bomb test in 1949. • To counter this development, the U.S. developed the hydrogen bomb, a weapon far more powerful than the atomic bomb.

27. New scientific weapons technology began to develop

28. 1952: U.S. tests First Hydrogen Bomb Hydrogen bomb uses the extremely high temperature and pressure created by an atomic explosion to start a nuclear fusion reaction. The destructive power of this hydrogen bomb was about 10 megatons, making it about 700 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima.

29. Video Clip!!! • http://www.watchknowlearn.org/Video.aspx?VideoID=10813 (mutually-assured destruction)

30. Bomb Shelters • Due to the Cold War and fears of nuclear attack the federal government responded to heightened public anxiety by creating the Federal Civil Defense Administration to instruct the public about how to prepare for a nuclear assault. The Eisenhower administration distributed information to educate Americans about how they could protect themselves. • Survival literature was written primarily for a suburban audience, since it was assumed that cities would be targets and most urban dwellers would not survive.

31. A basic fallout shelter consists of a shelter that reduces gamma-ray exposure.

32. Where a shelter was not available, any barrier would have to do, even a school desk or a kitchen table. Students practiced drills called "duck and cover" to prepare for the possibility of a nuclear attack. Private homes and public buildings had fallout shelters that were stocked with canned goods and other necessities.. • Drilling for nuclear war became a part of life's routine in the 1950s and like fire drills today in the schools was taken very seriously.

34. What do you need in a shelter?

35. Government exhibit hall at a fair. Learn about fallout shelters then eat a funnel cake!

36. Need: food, trash can, water jug, reading material, etc.

37. Duck and Cover Video created by the U.S. Government to teach schoolchildren about what to do in case of a nuclear attack. This strategy would help against glass, debris and maybe some radiation, but not much. Duck and cover is still taught as a response to earthquakes and tornadoes. http://archive.org/details/DuckandC1951

38. McCarthyism & the Red Scare Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed to have a list of people within the State Department that were…Communists!!!! It was against the backdrop of the Cold War that the threat of internal subversion began to preoccupy Congress. Anticommunism dominated the political debates and the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was established in 1938 to monitor disloyalty to the United States government and was made a permanent committee in 1945. HUAC investigators probed whether Communists played an active role in the labor movement, the movie industry, and the executive departments of the government. http://www.watchknowlearn.org/Video.aspx?VideoID=14896

39. McCarthy manipulated the workings of the government committee with sweeping accusations of communist activity in the executive branch. • His 1954 probe of the U.S. Army lead to his downfall. • The Army-McCarthy hearings were televised nationally, and the public recoiled from McCarthy's bullying tactics. • He was censured by the Senate and died in 1957.

40. Letter from Pres. Truman to McCarthy McCarthy sent a 7 page telegram to President Truman about how many communists were in the Government. This is Truman’s reply.

41. Yertle the Turtle By Dr. Suess Published 1958 Read the story, and take notes on anything you see in the story that could be a criticism of the government or society. You can apply it to any period in history since 1958. We will discuss on Monday. This is also online if you need to look again.

42. Retail

43. 1980s Economic Growth! Booming real estate and stock markets and a revolution in retail sales New approach to selling goods greatly reduced prices Discount retailers sell large quantities of goods at low prices, trying to ‘turn over’ inventory in short period of time

44. Question! What other entrepreneur that we have studied recently also had this business model? A: Henry Ford! (Sold lots of cars at low prices!)

45. Sam Walton, founder of Wal-Mart. Developed a new distribution system to rapidly resupply his stores. Used a computer database to track inventory and sales. By 1985, he was richest person in the U.S.

46. Other discount stores? • Kmart, Wal-Mart, and Target. • Home Depot and Best Buy were all founded in the 1960s and became highly successful in the 1980s. • My favorite section of Best Buy

47. Wal-Mart: case study • Discounters such as Kmart quickly expanded in the 1960s, but Sam Walton (founder of …Wal-Mart) only had enough money to build 15 Wal-Mart stores • In 1972, Wal-Mart stock was offered for the first time on the New York Stock Exchange. • With this infusion of capital, the company grew to 276 stores in 11 states by the end of the decade.

48. Question What other business has recently 'gone public'? Facebook! (remember Flocabulary)--sidenote

49. By 1989, there were 1,402 Wal-Mart stores and 123 Sam’s Club locations. • Employment had increased tenfold. • Sales had grown from $1 billion in 1980, to $26 billion. • Now, The 21st century – one of the most successful retailers in the world

50. Wal-Mart Today • Today, 10,130 stores and club locations in 27 countries employ 2.2 million associates, serving more than 176 million customers a year. • Our history is a perfect example of how to manage growth without losing sight of your values. Our most basic value has always been, and always will be, customer service. • Source for past 4 slides: walmartstores.com