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Cellular Standards

Cellular Standards. A dvanced M obile P hone S ervice (AMPS) – 1G Analog FM IS-136 (aka USDC, IS-54 ) – 2G Digital TDMA Global System for Mobile (GSM) – 2G Digital TDMA European IS-95 CDMA – 2G Digital CDMA U.S. / Qualcomm 2.5G Standards – TDMA/CDMA CDMA2000 – 3G U.S./Qualcomm

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Cellular Standards

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  1. Cellular Standards • Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) – 1G Analog FM • IS-136 (aka USDC, IS-54) – 2G Digital TDMA • Global System for Mobile (GSM) – 2G Digital TDMA • European • IS-95 CDMA – 2G Digital CDMA • U.S. / Qualcomm • 2.5G Standards – TDMA/CDMA • CDMA2000 – 3G U.S./Qualcomm • W-CDMA – 3G Europe ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  2. 2.5G CDMA Standard • Only one upgrade path for IS-95 CDMA (CDMAOne) • 2.5G interim CMDA standard is IS-95B • High-speed packet and circuit switched data access • Original IS-95 data rate was 9.6 kbps • Data rate actually deployed by Sprint PCS and Verizon was 14.4 kbps (IS-95A) • Multiple orthogonal PN spreading codes per user • Each user to take up to 8 different PN spreading codes in parallel • Maximum instantaneous data rate = 8 x 14.4 = 115.2 kbps • Practical data rate is only about 40-64 kbps • Sprint PCS “Wireless Web” • Began use in 2000 using IS-95B ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  3. 2.5G CDMA Standard • IS-95 Soft Handoff • Mobile unit reports RSS back to MSC through current serving BS several hundred times per second • MSC decides when to initiate soft handoff (multiple serving BSs on same radio channel • IS-95B Hard Handoff • Mobile unit searches for different 1.25 MHz radio channels without approval from MSC • Rapidly tune to new channel if better than serving channel • Hard handoff available in addition to soft handoff • Improves link quality in congested cells where multiple radio channels are being used ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  4. 2.5G CDMA Standard • IS-95B Upgrade • No new hardware required (baseband or RF) • Only software upgrade at BS • New mobile unit handsets • Backwards compatible with IS-95A ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  5. 2.5G Standards • 2.5G Summary • All overlay on existing 2G networks • No new frequency spectrum required • Practical data rates: • IS-95B  40-64 kbps (packet or circuit switched) • HSCD  57.6 kbps (circuit switched single user) • GPRS  50 kbps (packet switched multi-user) • EDGE  100-120 kbps (packet switched multi-user) • EDGE requires significant new RF hardware and software upgrades • Modulation technique upgraded to 8-PSK ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  6. 2.5G Standards ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  7. 3G Wireless • 3G Vision • Fully data-centric communication networks • Multi-megabit per second data rates • Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)  packet-based voice • Always on access • Applications • Live video and music • Interactive multi-person web sessions • Multi-party conferencing with simultaneous voice and data access ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  8. 3G Wireless ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  9. 3G Wireless ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  10. 3G Wireless • 3G History • International Telecommunication Union (ITU) • Formulate truly global 3G standard for 2 GHz band • International Mobile Telephone 2000 (IMT-2000) Plan • Active forum for proposal, development, and debate of global 3G communication standard (started in 1996) • Worldwide user community split into two camps based on 2G outcome: CDMA (IS-95) and GSM (GPRS/EDGE) • Many standards initially proposed and debated but this was narrowed to two leading candidates (most manufacturing support) • 3G GSM  Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA)  3G Partnership Project (3GPP) • 3G CDMA  CDMA2000  3G Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  11. 3G Evolution ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  12. 3G Wireless • 3G Status • Countries everywhere allocated new/more spectrum specifically for 3G • Some early 3G spectrum auctions • $35B (USD) in England in 2000  5 nationwide licenses • $46B (USD) in Germany in 2000  4 nationwide licenses • Commercial grade 3G equipment has been deployed in U.S. since 2005 • First 3G deployment was 2002 in Japan • Sprint PCS rolled out first US 3G network • CDMA 2000 1xRTT ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  13. W-CDMA • 3G W-CDMA (UMTS) • Also know as Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) • UMTS first started development in 1996 by consortium of European service providers, manufacturers, and governments (ETSI) • Other competing wideband CDMA standards merged with UMTS in 2000 • Ensures backwards compatibility with GSM, GPRS, EDGE network structure and bit-level packaging • Completely new CDMA air interface • NOT backwards compatible with baseband and RF hardware in BS • Completely new base stations required ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  14. W-CDMA • 3G W-CDMA • Minimum of 5 MHz BW required for one RF channel • 4 times larger than 1.25 MHz RF BW for IS-95 • Multiple RF channels would be required to support large number of high speed users • Requires significant new spectrum • Complete change out of base station RF & baseband hardware • Supports data rates from 8 kbps to 2 Mbps (stationary users only) • Determined by available network capacity and user requirements • 100-350 simultaneous voice calls • Depends on channel conditions, user velocity, etc • Future W-CDMA versions support up to 8 Mbps ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  15. W-CDMA • 3G W-CDMA • 6 times increase in capacity relative to GSM on a system wide basis Example: 200 simultaneous voice calls in 5 MHz  25 kHz/user, GSM 8 users per 200 kHz channel  25 kHz/user, but 100% frequency reuse in W-CDMA vs. N = 4 for GSM • Always on packet based wireless • Computers, PDAs, phones, etc. share network and continuously connected to internet • FDD and TDD modes • Mobile cellular  FDD (separate F/R channels) • Indoor portable/cordless  TDD (1 channel shared in time for F/R) ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  16. W-CDMA • 3G W-CDMA • Support advanced high data rate services • Streaming audio/video • Videoconferencing • Video games • Broadcast TV! • Public and private network features • Slow and gradual deployment due to new BS hardware and new spectrum • Dual mode or tri-mode phones to support GSM, EDGE, and W-CDMA • Predicted that W-CDMA fully installed by 2010 ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  17. CDMA2000 • 3G CDMA 2000 • Seamless evolutionary path for 2G IS-95 and 2.5G IS-95B • Must retain original 1.25 MHz IS-95 RF BW structure!! • Left over from AMPS carriers not willing to risk more than 10% of their allocated 12.5 MHz spectrum!! • Gradual deployment with existing IS-95 2G and 2.5G systems • Deploy on cell by cell basis • No wholesale hardware changeout • No new spectrum required • Significant advantages/distinctions relative to W-CDMA ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  18. CDMA2000 • 3G CDMA2000 • US Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA) oversees standard development • Compared to ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute) for W-CDMA • Qualcomm is major developer of CDMA2000 • International collaborators as well • First version of CDMA2000 is 1xRTT (1X) • Multi-carrier (multiple RF channels) but first deployment allows only 1 channel!! • 307 kbps maximum data rate and 144 kbps typical throughput • IS-95B has only 40-50 kbps typical throughput ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  19. CDMA2000 • 3G CDMA2000 • 1xRTT (1X) • Multi-level keying (PSK) and multiple PN spreading sequences • Both are rapidly adaptable based on network capacity, user need, and channel conditions • Incremental redundancy like EDGE! • All changes are baseband signaling changes • No new RF hardware required • All changes done in baseband hardware/software • Cell by cell basis if desired!! • Packet network hardware must also be installed @ MSC • Supports 2 x voice users as IS-95 and double the battery life ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  20. CDMA2000 • 3G CDMA2000 • 3xRTT (3X) • Multi-carrier CDMA • 3 RF carriers  3 x 1.25 MHz = 3.75 MHz cumulative BW • 3 adjacent RF carriers (option 1) • Creates single 3.75 MHz channel & requires newRF hardware • 3 non-adjacent RF carriers (option 2) • No new RF hardware • Packet data throughput up to 2 Mbps (just like W-CDMA) • Actual rate depends on network capacity, mobile velocity, channel conditions, etc. ECE 4730: Lecture #27

  21. 3G Wireless • CDMA2000 vs. W-CDMA • US vs. Europe • CDMA2000 has advantages of more seamless, gradual, and economically viable deployment • More rapid rollout of 3G than W-CDMA • Sprint PCS has nationwide 3xRTT in US • W-CDMA has advantage of 4 to 1 GSM-based installed user population • Greater manufacturing support • Less rapid rollout due to RF hardware upgrades ECE 4730: Lecture #27

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