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Toward a common set of indicators to measure violence against women

Toward a common set of indicators to measure violence against women. Henrica A.F.M. Jansen, WHO UNECE Work Session on Gender Statistics, Geneva, 18-20 October 2004. Prevalence of violence against women: possible sources of data

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Toward a common set of indicators to measure violence against women

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  1. Toward a common set of indicatorsto measure violence against women Henrica A.F.M. Jansen, WHO UNECE Work Session on Gender Statistics, Geneva, 18-20 October 2004

  2. Prevalence of violence against women: possible sources of data Salient finding on to whom women talk about violence and the implications Definition and measurement of prevalence violence and implications of variations in this WHO definition and measurement of partner violence and some relevant findings Suggestions for measuring and presenting violence What this talk is about

  3. How common is violence against women?Definition of Prevalence # women who have experienced abuse in a certain period of time “at risk” women in the study population

  4. Records from police, courts, hospital, etc Population based surveys: National crime victimization surveys Demographic and reproductive health surveys Focussed specialized surveys Short module added to other surveys Sources for data on prevalence of VAW

  5. To whom do woman talk about physical partner violence?

  6. Many women never talked about it before – implications for the interviewers • Very few women have talked with "formal services" – implications for value of these services as source of data

  7. "Because I belong to this Herero culture, I can speak to my family about any form of violence except sexual violence. I had the chance in this study to talk with a stranger about what I was suffering. It helped me a lot, it took a burden away" (respondent in Namibia)

  8. According to police records in Nicaragua, 3,000 women reported domestic violence in 1995 According to population based surveys 150,000 women suffered domestic violence in 1995 Service based data do not represent the actual situation in the population …

  9. In 1997 more than 8,000 cases were reported Did rates of violence increase? During this period special police stations for women were opened throughout the country, and media campaigns carried out Service based records are not easy to interpret…

  10. More services and better quality of care More women reporting violence BAD DATA IS WORSE THAN NO DATA !!

  11. Prevalence figures on violence are highly sensitive to methodological issues Population-based research on violence raises major issues of safety and ethics Results useful for understanding the magnitude and characteristics of violence What about population-based data on prevalence of violence?

  12. 1. Enhancing comparability How violence is defined How is violence measured 2. Enhancing disclosure Opportunities to disclose, context, skill of interviewers 3. Enhancing safety privacy, special training for field staff, support for respondents and interviewers Challenges to developing a common set of indicators on violence against women

  13. Cutoff ages Marital / relationship experience Regional vs. national studies Defining the study population

  14. WHO VAW study

  15. Effect of “study population” on reported prevalence estimates in Nicaragua

  16. Who defines: the researcher or the respondent? Types of violence, severity Time frame Frequency Multiple perpetrators Defining violence

  17. Type of ViolenceResearcherSelf (percent) Any violence 45 27 Physical 14.7 11.4 Emotional 42 23.2 Sexual 8.5 4.7 Researcher vs. Self-Defined Rates of Past Year Abuse (Japan)

  18. Slapped or threw something at that could hurt you? Pushed or shoved you or pulled your hair? Hit with his fist or with something else that could hurt you? Kicked, dragged or beat you up? Choked or burnt you on purpose? Threatened to use or actually used a gun, knife or other weapon against you? Has your partner ever..... (in the last 12 months has this happened once, a few times, many times?)WHO Study Moderate Severe

  19. Lifetime and current physical partner violence (urban sites)

  20. Were you ever physically forced to have sexual intercourse when you did not want to? Did you ever have sexual intercourse you did not want because you were afraid of what he might do? Ever force you to do something sexual that you found degrading or humiliating? Measurement of sexual violence by partnerWHO Study

  21. Overlap lifetime physical and sexual violence PERU - CAP THAILAND - CAP 29% 20% 3% 11% 12% 18% phys viol sex viol phys viol sex viol NAMIBIA - CAP 19% 11% 5% physical viol sexual viol

  22. Define the study population broadly Use behaviorally specific questions Specify discrete time frames (last year, ever) Cue respondent to different contexts and perpetrators Give multiple opportunities to disclose Suggestions for measuring domestic violence

  23. Thank you! jansenh@who.int http://www.who.int/gender/

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