Psychology
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Presentation Transcript
Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148
Topics Covered in Intro to Psych • Psychology as a profession • Psychological Research • Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood, Old Age • Death and Dying • Altered States of Consciousness • Dreams, Sleep, Hypnosis, Biofeedback, Meditation, Drugs
Topics Covered in Intro to Psych, cont. • Personality • Stress • Psychological Disorders • Individual Interaction • Group Interaction
Research Methods and Statistics • Hypothesis—An assumption or prediction about behavior or an educated guess about the relationship between two variables that is tested through scientific research. • Sample—The small group of participants, out of the total number available, that a researcher studies. • Case Study—research method that involves an intensive investigation of one or more participants.
Correlation—the measure of a relationship between two variables or sets of data. • Variable—any factor that is capable of change. Independent/one that experimenters change. Dependent/one that changed in relation to the independent variable. • Experimental group—the group to which an independent variable is applied.
Control group—the group not exposed to the independent variable. • Self-fulfilling prophecy—a situation in which a researcher’s expectations influence that person’s own behavior, and thereby influence the participant’s behavior. • Single-blind experiment—an experiment in which the participants are unaware of which participants received the treatment.
Double –blind experiment: an experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which participants received which treatment. • Placebo effect—a change in a participant’s illness or behavior that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect, rather that the actual treatment. • Theory—a set of assumptions used to explain why something is the way it is and happens the way it does.
Unit 3—Infancy and ChildhoodSection 1: Physical, Perceptual and Language Development • Developmental Psychology: The study of changes that occur as an individual matures. • Grasping reflex: An infant’s clinging response to a touch on the palm of his or her hand. • Rooting reflex: An infant’s response in turning toward the source of touching that occurs anywhere around his or her mouth.
Unit 3—Infancy and ChildhoodSection 2: Cognitive and Emotional Development • Schema: a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world. • Assimilation: the process of fitting objects and experiences into one’s schema. • Accommodation: the adjustment of one’s schemas to include newly observed events and experiences.
Egocentric: a young child’s inability to understand another person’s perspective. • Critical Period: A specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned.
Section 3: Parenting Styles and Social Development • Authoritarian Family: Parents attempt to control, shape, and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children in accordance with a set code of conduct. • Democratic/authoritative Family: Adolescents participate in decisions affecting their lives.
Permissive/laissez-faire family: children have the final say; parents are less controlling and have a nonpunishing, accepting attitude toward children. • Socialization: The process of learning the rules of behavior of the culture within which an individual is born and will live.
Identification: The process by which a child adopts the values and principles of the same-sex parent. • Role taking: Children’s play that involves assuming adult roles, thus enabling the child to experience different points of view.
Unit 4—Adolescence: Physical and Sexual Development • Initiation Rites: Ceremonies or rituals in which an individual is admitted to new status or accepted into a new position. • Puberty: Sexual maturation; the end of childhood and the point when reproduction is first possible. • Menarche: The first menstrual period • Spermarche: The period during which males achieve first ejaculation
Asynchrony: The condition during adolescence in which the growth or maturation of bodily parts is uneven.
Barbie— The “Perfect” Body Barbara Millicent Roberts 52 years old, Wisconsin 7 feet tall, 125 lbs. 32-20-42 Neck is twice as long as the average woman Feet are ½ the size In 2000 she got a bellybutton Ran for President in 1992
What Men Notice About Women 1. Figure or build--44% 2. Face--33% 3. Clothing--26% 4. Eyes--18% 5. Smile--18% 6. Hair--18% 7. Legs--8% What Women Notice About Men 1. Clothing--33% 2. Face--31% 3. Eyes--29% 4. Smile--23% 5. Figure or build--20% 6. Hair--17% 7. Teeth--10% 8. Height--10% It’s not what you say….What the sexes first notice about each other
Section 2—Personal Development • Rationalization—a process whereby an individual seeks to explain an often unpleasant emotion or behavior in a way that will preserve his or her self esteem. • Identity Crisis—A period of inner conflict during which adolescents worry intensely about who they are. • Social Egocentrism—Where teens overestimate their impact upon the immediate environment.
Social learning theory: A view of human development that emphasizes interaction.
Chapter 4, Unit 3: Social Development • Clique: a small, exclusive group of people within a larger group. • Conformity: Acting in accordance with some specified authority. • Anorexia Nervosa: A serious eating disorder characterized by a fear of gaining weight that results in prolonged self-starvation and dramatic weight loss.
Bulimia Nervosa: A serious eating disorder characterized by compulsive overeating usually followed by self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse.
Signs of Suicide in Teens • pulling away from friends or family and losing desire to go out • trouble concentrating or thinking clearly • changes in eating or sleeping habits • major changes in appearance (for example, if a normally neat person looks very sloppy - as if they're not taking the usual care of themselves ) • talk about feeling hopeless or feeling guilty
Signs—cont. • talk about suicide • talk about death • talk about "going away" • self-destructive behavior (drinking alcohol, taking drugs, or driving too fast, for example) • no desire to take part in favorite things or activities • the giving away of favorite possessions (like offering to give away a favorite piece of jewelry, for example) • suddenly very happy and cheerful moods after being depressed or sad for a long time (this may mean that a person has decided to attempt suicide and feels relieved to have found a "solution")
Section 4: Gender Roles and Differences • Gender identity: the sex group (masculine or feminine) to which an individual biologically belongs. • Gender Role: the set of behaviors that society considers appropriate for each sex. • Gender stereotype: an oversimplified or distorted generalization about the characteristics of men and women.
Androgynous: combining or confusing traditionally male and female characteristics. • Gender Schema: a set of behaviors organized around how either a male or female should think and behave.
Unit 5-1 Adulthood • Physical Changes • Cellular breakdown • Cells less able to repair themselves • Cells having a “time limit” • 18-30—physical peak
Unit 5-1--Adulthood • Menopause: the biological event in which a woman’s production of sex hormones is sharply reduced. • Usually occurs between ages 45-55 • Halt of egg production • Halt of menstruation • Emotional side effects
Leading Causes of Death • Heart disease: 616,067 • Cancer: 562,875 • Stroke : 135,952 • Chronic lower respiratory diseases: 127,924 • Accidents: 123,706 • Alzheimer's disease: 74,632 • Diabetes: 71,382 • Influenza and Pneumonia: 52,717
Unit 5-1--Adulthood • Male “Mental”pause • 22-28--Early adult period. Need to establish a stable life structure. • 28-30--Age 30 Crisis. Questioning of values. Urge for “completion” before it’s “too late.” • 36-40--Settling-down period. “Becoming one’s own man.” • 40-45—Midlife transition. Questioning accomplishments.
Unit 5-1--Adulthood • Generativity: the desire, in middle age, to use one’s accumulated wisdom to guide future generations. • Stagnation: a discontinuation of development and a desire to recapture the past.
Unit 5-1--Adulthood Middle adulthood—Late 40s—60s • Self actualization. Understanding. Sensitivity. • Frustration, unhappiness, resignation. OR….
Overall Life Satisfaction • Most studies show the elderly as happy and satisfied with life. • People tend to mellow with age. • Most regrets focus on what the person didn’t do rather than mistakes they have made in life.
Unit 5-1--Adulthood • No “Midlife Crisis” for women • Empty nest syndrome • Middle-age depression.
Commitment to Work • Most high school/college students aren’t sure of their career goals. • Happiness seems to be correlated with work that is challenging, provides a sense of accomplishment, and is interesting.
Commitment to Love • An important factor in adult happiness • Lasting love includes: • Intimate self-disclosure • Shared emotional and material support • Similar interests and values
Commitment to Marriage • 90% of the population gets married • 50% divorce rate • 75% of those who have divorced remarry
Unit 5-2: Old Age • Decremental model of aging: the idea that progressive physical and mental decline are inevitable with age. • Ageism: prejudice or discrimination against the elderly.
Life Spans • Ancient Rome—20-30 • Medieval England—20-30 • Early 1900s—30-40 • Current world ave.—66.12 • World Leader— • Japan, 82 • United States— • 77, Ranked 42nd in the world
