The American Gospel (in two part harmony): Clovis First and the Mackenzie corridor

1. The American Gospel(in two part harmony):Clovis First and the Mackenzie corridor

2. Naco, Arizona Clovis cache

3. Clovis Point Mounted to Shaft

4. Atl atls: a Folsom tool

5. Folsom Point

6. The American Gospel (new testament):3 Waves of Migration • Supported by: • Archaeological Evidence (e.g. Clovis & Folsom) • Linguistic evidence (Greenberg and Nichols) • Genetic evidence (Cavalli-Sforza) • Biological evidence (Turner and others) • Geological evidence • Mackenzie Corridor (aka ice-free corridor) • Known existence of Beringia in late Pleistocene

7. Dates BP Linguistic & Genetic Evidence 32,000 ancestors of Amerindian speakers(now distributed over nearly all of the Americas) 11,000 - 14,000 ancestors of Na-Diné speakers(distributed over the northern half of North America) 6,800 - 7,400 ancestors of Eskimo-Aleut speakers(distributed in the northernmost part of North America) Linguistic Evidence: Nichols and Greenberg

8. mtDNA analysis shows only four major groups of mtDNA in Native Americans These patterns are only found in America and Asia Distribution of the traits shows a likely model of 3 “waves” of migration First (Amerindian) 26-34,000 BP Second (Amerindian) 12-15,000 BP Third (Na-Diné) 7-9,000 BP Genetic Evidence: Cavalli-Sforza et al.

9. Dental Evidence: Turner

10. Shoveled Incisors

11. Dates BC Beringia"Land Bridge" Coastal Route Mackenzie Corridor 38,000-34,000 accessible (open) open closed 34,000-30,000 submerged (closed) open open 30,000-22,000 accessible (open) closed open 22,000-15,000 accessible (open) open closed 15,000 BC - today submerged (closed) open open Geological Evidence: Accessibility of Possible Routes

12. Hypothesis: Constant Native Presence • Supported by some oral histories • Refuted by: • Lack of evidence for infinite human occupation • Disparity of agreement in native myths • Scientific findings of people who just don’t look “Indian” e.g. the 9000 year old Kennewick Man in 1996

13. Hypothesis: European Origins • Supported by Stanford’s “Solutrean Solution” • Fluted points and toolkits are nearly identical • Red ochre use • Caching of large bifaces and other stock • Brown et al. report mtDNA similarities • Refuted by: • No boats • No direct archaeological ties • 4500 year time gap between Clovis and Solutrean

14. Hypothesis:Pacific Crossing • Supported by: • Age estimates at Monte Verde, Chile and other sites (12,000 to 30,000 BP) • Morphology of ancient remains like Luzia • Morphology of modern Tierra del Fuegans • Refuted by: • Lack of evidence for boats • Could also be explained by an overland journey

15. Hypothesis: Pacific Coastal Route • Supported by: • Daryl Fedje’s work off Queen Charlotte • Recent evidence suggesting no ice-free corridor between 21,000 and 11,500 BP • Consistent with much of “Clovis First”, but accounts for earlier dates now accepted • Refuted by: • Difficulty of underwater excavation to build more solid case

16. Native American Origins:What are the Possibilities?