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OntoKADS A core ontology to develop expertise models of the CommonKADS methodology

This workshop discusses the OntoKADS methodology for developing expertise models using the CommonKADS methodology. It provides an overview of the OntoKADS ontology and the kernel of the OntoKADS ontology. The workshop also explores the limitation of the "knowledge role" primitive in OntoKADS.

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OntoKADS A core ontology to develop expertise models of the CommonKADS methodology

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  1. OntoKADS A core ontology to develop expertise models of the CommonKADS methodology Bruaux S.& Kassel G. LaRIA – University Jules Verne of Picardie - FRANCE Workshop on Core Ontologies in Ontology Engineering Held in conjunction with EKAW 2004 8th October 2004 Laboratory for Research in Computer Science – Amiens (FRANCE) http://www.laria.u-picardie.fr

  2. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. Broad outlines 1.Introduction 2. The OntoKADS’ methodology: overview 3. The OntoKADS’ ontology: overview 4. The kernel of the OntoKADS’ ontology 5. Conclusionand perspectives • 1.Introduction • 2. The OntoKADS’ methodology: overview • 3. The OntoKADS’ ontology: overview • 4. The kernel of the OntoKADS’ ontology • 5. Conclusion and perspectives Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  3. A limitation of the method: the primitive of “knowledge role” [Bru.,Kas.& Mor., 2003] Bruaux S. & Kassel G. Introduction (1/7) Motivations • Previous works: • Modelling 3 tasks of simulation codes calibration [Bruaux, 2002] • Modelling a “generic” task of calibration with the CommonKADS methodology • Previous works: • Modelling 3 tasks of simulation codes calibration [Bruaux, 2002] • Previous works: Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  4. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. Introduction (2/7) The CommonKADS’ “knowledge role” primitive [Schreiber & al., 1999] • roles are inputs/outputs of inferences • roles are expressed by means ofabstract names  • roles are inputs/outputs of inferences • roles are expressed by means of abstract names Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  5. Role ? y = ax + b role inference role “simulation parameter” Domain concept ? Bruaux S. & Kassel G. Introduction (3/7) Problem: the identification of roles (1/3) Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  6. abstract names (Data, Result) + understandable inference structure easy distinction between “concrete roles” and domain concepts (SimulationCode, ModelParameter)  dedicated terms (CodeToCalibrate, SimulationParameter)= knowledge roles abstract names (Data, Result) + understandable inference structure  dedicated terms (CodeToCalibrate, SimulationParameter)= knowledge roles easy distinction between “concrete roles” and domain concepts (SimulationCode, ModelParameter) Bruaux S. & Kassel G. Introduction (4/7) Problem: the identification of roles (2/3) Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  7. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. Introduction (5/7) Problem: the identification of roles (3/3) • In short: • Abstract roles • Concrete roles Knowledge role domain concept Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  8. Conjecture [Kassel, 1999]: • “It is necessary to distinguish the roles played by objects from the roles played by concepts.” The “abstract roles” or “knowledge roles” in the sense of CommonKADS are roles played by concepts. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. Introduction (6/7) First attempts to clarify the meaning of the notion of role Reynaud C. and al. (1997).The Notion of Role in Conceptual Modeling. In Proceedings of the 10th European Knowledge Acquisition Workshop: EKAW’97, San Feliu de Guixolls, Bonn: Springer Verlag, p. 221-236. Kassel G. (1999).PHYSICIAN is a role played by an object, whereas SIGN is a role played by a concept.In Proceedings of the IJCAI’99 Workshop onOntologies and Problem-Solving Methods: Lessons Learned and Future Trends, Stockholm (Sweden), August 2, 1999, p. 6-1-6-9. Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  9. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. Introduction (7/7) Using a formal framework to precise the meaning of CommonKADS’ modelling primitives • The ontology of Particulars DOLCE [Masolo & al., 2003], which contains top-level concepts and relations • e.g.: PHYSICAL OBJECT, EVENT, ParticipatesIn, IsAgentOf • The Formal Ontology of Properties [Guarino & Welty, 2000], which introduces meta-concepts • e.g.: SORTAL, FORMAL ROLE, TYPE, QUASI-TYPE • The ontology of Particulars DOLCE [Masolo & al., 2003], which contains top-level concepts and relations • e.g.: PHYSICAL OBJECT, EVENT, ParticipatesIn, IsAgentOf Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  10. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. Broad outlines • 1. Introduction • 2.The OntoKADS’ methodology: overview • 3. The OntoKADS’ ontology: overview • 4. The kernel of the OntoKADS’ ontology • 5. Conclusion and perspectives Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  11. OntoKADS OntoKADS Bruaux S. & Kassel G. The OntoKADS methodology Overview First step: using OntoKADS to build an application ontology Problem-solving-driven application ontology Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  12. Problem-solving-driven application ontology CommonKads’ expertise model Task Method Task Bruaux S. & Kassel G. The OntoKADS methodology Overview Second step: translating the application ontology into a CommonKADS’ expertise model Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  13. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. Broad outlines • 1. Introduction • 2. The OntoKADS’ methodology: overview • 3.The OntoKADS’ ontology: overview • 4. The kernel of the OntoKADS’ ontology • 5. Conclusion and perspectives Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  14. Particular Particular participates Endurant Perdurant Endurant Perdurant DOLCE DOLCE e.g.,object, substance... e.g., event, process... e.g.,object, substance... e.g., event, process... Bruaux S. & Kassel G. The OntoKADS ontology Overview (1/7) DOLCE in short (1/2) Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  15. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. The OntoKADS ontology Overview (2/7) DOLCE in short (2/2) The relation of participation: PC(x,y,t) def. “x (ED) participates in y (PD) during t” e.g.: theAUTHOR (APO) of an article PARTICIPATES in the WRITING(AC) of the article” Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  16. classifies classifies Person Person Person Person Rigid Rigid Rigid Rigid Anti-rigid Anti-rigid Anti-rigid Anti-rigid Author Author Author Author Bruaux S. & Kassel G. The OntoKADS ontology Overview (3/7) Using the Formal Ontology of Properties in short (1/2) Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  17. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. The OntoKADS ontology Overview (4/7) Using the Formal Ontology of Properties in short (2/2) The relation of classification: Cf(x,y,t) def. “The type x classifies the instance y during t” • e.g.: “SABINE (instance) is the AUTHOR (concept) of the article” “The AUTHOR (concept) is ANTI-RIGID (meta-concept)” Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  18. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. The OntoKADS ontology Overview (5/7) The problem-solving sub-ontology: an extension of DOLCE • The problem-solving ontology implements two main categories of entities: • acts of Reasoning intervening in problem-solving situations • -e.g.: Diagnosing, Calibrating • entities intervening in these Reasonings • -e.g.: Person, KnowledgeExpression, Agent, Data • The problem-solving ontology implements two main categories of entities: • acts of Reasoning intervening in problem-solving situations • -e.g.: Diagnosing, Calibrating • The problem-solving ontology implements two main categories of entities: Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  19. output role input role inference sign cover hypothesis Bruaux S. & Kassel G. The OntoKADS ontology Overview (6/7) The sub-ontology of meta-concepts • The ontology of meta-concepts implements the CommonKADS’ modelling primitives to “classify” the OntoKADS’ concepts: • The ontology of meta-concepts implements the CommonKADS’ modelling primitives to “classify” the OntoKADS’ concepts: • CF(Task, diagnosis, t), CF( Inference, cover, t), CF(KnowledgeRole, sign, t), CF(DomainConcept, car, t) Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  20. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. The OntoKADS ontology Overview (7/7) Structure of the OntoKADS’ ontology DOLCE __ Particular OntoKADS __ Perdurant Endurant Domain Concepts Domain Concepts Roles Action Communicating Reasoning Tasks, Inferences Transfert Functions Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  21. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. Broad outlines • 1. Introduction • 2. The OntoKADS’ methodology: overview • 3. The OntoKADS’ ontology: overview • 4.The kernel of the OntoKADS’ ontology • 5. Conclusion and perspectives Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  22. Conjecture [Bruaux & Kassel, 2004]: • “Entities bearing on Reasonings in terms of • data/results are expressions of knowledge.” • Conjecture [Bruaux & Kassel, 2004]: • “Entities bearing on Reasonings in terms of • data/results are expressions of knowledge.” This knowledge is expressed by means of an expression code (a language) and inscribed on a support. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. The kernel of the OntoKADS ontology The problem-solving ontology The sub-ontology of expressions of knowledge(1/5) Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  23. car car Diagnosis Task Diagnosis Task LowBatteryLevel LowBatteryLevel LowBatteryLevelComplaint EmptyFuelTank EmptyFuelTank EmptyFuelTankHypothesis Bruaux S. & Kassel G. The kernel of the OntoKADS ontology The problem-solving ontology The sub-ontology of expressions of knowledge(2/5) Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  24. simulation code Calibration Task y = ax + b equations of a numerical model Bruaux S. & Kassel G. The kernel of the OntoKADS ontology The problem-solving ontology The sub-ontology of expressions of knowledge(3/5) Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  25. The I&DA sub-ontology [Fortier & Kassel, 2004] to account for: • the different means of expression; • the expressed differentknowledge/contents. The I&DA ontology introduces ContentBearingObjects which are expressions (signifiers) of a Content (signified). Bruaux S. & Kassel G. The kernel of the OntoKADS ontology The problem-solving ontology The sub-ontology of expressions of knowledge(4/5) Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  26. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. The kernel of the OntoKADS ontology The problem-solving ontology The sub-ontology of expressions of knowledge(5/5) ED DOLCE __ I&DA __ POB NPOB Inscription ContentBearingObject Content LinguisticObject Discourse Proposition Concept Term IconicObject Information Assertion Text Hypothesis Complaint Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  27. ED Patient Determinant BeginningParticipant EndParticipant Agent Substrate Data Result CalibratedCode CodeToCalibrate Bruaux S. & Kassel G. The kernel of the OntoKADS ontology The problem-solving ontology The sub-ontology of “participative roles” Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  28. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. The kernel of the OntoKADS ontology The ontology of meta-concepts Ontological definition of knowledge roles(1/4) • Three meta-concepts of the Formal Ontology of Properties [Guarino & Welty, 2000]are interesting for our study: • role: an anti-rigid concept dependent of an external entity • formal role: a role lacking an identity criterion • e.g.: PATIENT, INSTRUMENT • material role: a role carrying an identity criterion • e.g.: STUDENT Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  29. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. The kernel of the OntoKADS ontology The ontology of meta-concepts Ontological definition of knowledge roles(2/4) Definition of aMATERIALROLE:example of the EMPLOYEE concept (TYPE) PERSON (FORMAL ROLE) HUMAN RESOURCE (MATERIAL ROLE)EMPLOYEE Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  30. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. The kernel of the OntoKADS ontology The ontology of meta-concepts Ontological definition of knowledge roles(3/4) • By analogy with the previous definitions, we define three notions of "knowledge role": • KnowledgeRole: a role dependent on a Reasoning • FormalKnowledgeRole: a KnowledgeRole lacking an identity criterion(e.g.: CalibrationData, DiagnosisResult) • MaterialKnowledgeRole: a FormalKnowledgeRole carrying an identity criterion, which it inherits from a Type constrained to be a Proposition(e.g.: CodeToCalibrate) Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  31. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. The kernel of the OntoKADS ontology The ontology of meta-concepts Ontological definition of knowledge roles(4/4) ED OntoKADS __ (I&DA __) (Content) (Proposition) Data Result Code Hypothesis CalibrationData DiagnosisResult CodeToCalibrate DiagnosisHypothesis Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  32. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. Broad outlines • 1. Introduction • 2. The OntoKADS’ methodology: overview • 3. The OntoKADS’ ontology: overview • 4. The kernel of the OntoKADS’ ontology • 5.Conclusion and perspectives Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  33. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. Conclusion and perspectives Synthesis of our main contributions (1/2) • The OntoKADS ontology has led us to revisit CommonKADS’ modelling primitives: in particular, the KnowledgeRole meta-concept differs from the meaning given to the “knowledge role” notion in CommonKADS. • The participants in Reasonings (Tasks) are not objects or state of objects (DomainConcepts) but Propositions (KnowledgeRole) having DomainConcepts as subjects. • The OntoKADS ontology has led us to revisit CommonKADS’ modelling primitives: in particular, the KnowledgeRole meta-concept differs from the meaning given to the “knowledge role” notion in CommonKADS. Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  34. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. Conclusion and perspectives Synthesis of our main contributions (2/2) • Two categories of KnowledgeRoles: • FormalKnowledgeRoles, referring to particular Reasonings ►e.g.: CalibrationData, DiagnosisResult • MaterialKnowledgeRoles, referring to particular Reasonings andto particular Contents ►e.g.: CodeToCalibrate, CalibratedCode Two categories of KnowledgeRoles: • Two categories of KnowledgeRoles: • FormalKnowledgeRoles, referring to particular Reasonings ►e.g.: CalibrationData, DiagnosisResult Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  35. Bruaux S. & Kassel G. Conclusion and perspectives Future works • Works presented here are progressing in three main directions: • the evaluation of the CommonKADS’ primitives to specify problem-solving methods: in particular, force the methods’ Inputs/Outputs to be KnowledgeRoles would have some consequences on these methods • the integration in OntoKADS of all generic Reasonings identified in analytic and synthetic Reasonings • the devolopment of a software, at a conceptual level, based on the TERMINAE platform to support the OntoKADS methodology Works presented here are progressing in three main directions: • Works presented here are progressing in three main directions: • the evaluation of the CommonKADS’ primitives to specify problem-solving methods: in particular, force the methods’ Inputs/Outputs to be KnowledgeRoles would have some consequences on these methods • Works presented here are progressing in three main directions: • the evaluation of the CommonKADS’ primitives to specify problem-solving methods: in particular, force the methods’ Inputs/Outputs to be KnowledgeRoles would have some consequences on these methods • the integration in OntoKADS of all generic Reasonings identified in analytic and synthetic Reasonings Workshop on Core Ontologies - OntoKADS

  36. Thank you for your attention • To contact the authors of this paper : • Sabine Bruaux, mailto: bruaux@laria.u-picardie.fr • Gilles Kassel, mailto: kassel@laria.u-picardie.fr • For + infos about team works : • http://www.laria.u-picardie.fr/equipe_ingenierie_connaissances.html Conférence IC'2003 - Etude Critique de CommonKADS

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