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Principles of Government

Principles of Government. Government Mr. Biddle. Aristotle. Scholar in ancient Greece. First to study Gov’t He studied the Greek Polis Many Gov’t terms come from Ancient Rome and Greece Politics, Democracy, Republic. The State (Government).

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Principles of Government

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  1. Principles of Government Government Mr. Biddle

  2. Aristotle • Scholar in ancient Greece. • First to study Gov’t • He studied the Greek Polis • Many Gov’t terms come from Ancient Rome and Greece • Politics, Democracy, Republic

  3. The State (Government) • The word state comes from a form of the Latin word “stare,” which means “to stand.” • Today a state is: • A political community that occupies a defined territory • Has an organized Gov’t • Makes laws w/o approval from a higher power. (US States answer to a Federal Gov’t)

  4. The State (Government) • Nation- any sizable group of people who are united by common bonds of Race, Language, customs, traditions, and sometimes religion.

  5. Essential Features of a State • Population • Territory • Sovereignty • Government

  6. Population • Effects Strength and stability of the Government. • Got to have people to make it strong and they have to agree to make it stable

  7. Territory • States have to have an established boundaries • Defined borders

  8. Sovereignty • Has complete power and authority with in territorial boundaries • Can’t interfere with other states • That why each state has its own laws • Seatbelt law • Speed limit

  9. Government • The institution through which the state maintains social order, provides public services, and enforces decisions that are binding on all people living with in the state.

  10. Theories of the Origin of Gov’t • Evolutionary Theory • The State evolved from the family • The head of the family served as the authority (can have hundreds of people) • Ex- Abraham in the Old Testament • Over time the extending families needed more organization

  11. Force Theory • In early civilizations people built walled cities to help control flooding and for protection. • This banded people together and over time someone took charge and organization took place.

  12. Divine Right Theory • People were chosen by God or gods and born to rule. • Ex- Alexander the Great

  13. Social Contract Theory • People surrender to the state (gov’t) to protect themselves from one another and keep peace. • For our own good

  14. Social Contract Cont. • Thomas Hobbes • Believed that people were forced to stay in contract with the government and couldn’t get out.

  15. John Locke (SC Cont.) • Believed that people were born with the right to life, liberty, and property. • To preserve these rights people willingly gave power to the government • When gov’t fails to do these things people are free to break the contract. (1688) • 1776 American Colonists used this thought to break free of G.B.

  16. The Purpose of Gov’t • Maintain social order • Provide public services (sewer systems/Healthcare) • Provide National Security (Armed Forces) • Control Economic System (Money)

  17. The Formation of Govt’s • The relationship among the National Government and the smaller divisions can be described as either: • Unitary System Gives all key powers to the National or Central Government (Canada/GB)

  18. The Formation of Govt’s • Federal System Divides the power between National and State Government (US) * Each level has sovereignty in some areas * Originally had a confederacy-loose union of independent states * When Constitution was drafted that changed

  19. Constitution • Constitution- a plan that provides the rules for government. • Purposes • Sets ideas shared by Nation • Establishes basic gov’t structure and defines its powers and duty • Provides the Supreme Law

  20. Constitution Cont. • US Constitution (1787) is the oldest Constitution still being used today. • The Preamble- states the major goals of the gov’t. • Constitutions are divided into parts called articles and sections (have the procedures for amending or changing the constitution) • US has 7 articles and 21 sections

  21. Constitution Cont. • Constitutional Law- The interpretation and application of the Constitution. • Politics- The effort to control or influence the conduct and policies of government. • People get involved with politics to try and achieve benefits • There is constant struggle with what a Gov’t should provide and shouldn’t

  22. Nations • Industrialized Nations- A nation with large industries and advanced technology that provides a more comfortable way of life than developing nations • Developing Nations- a nation only beginning to develop industrially.

  23. Types of Government • 1. Autocracy • Any system of government in which the power and authority to rule are in the hands of a single individual. • Oldest and most common form of gov’t • Power is gained through Inheritance or ruthless military power.

  24. Types of Government • Totalitarian Dictatorship • The ideas of the leader are glorified and the gov’t seeks to control all aspects of social and economic life • The gov’t is not responsible to the people. • People have no power to limit the gov’t rule. • Ex- Hitler, Stalin

  25. Types of Government • Monarchy • King, Queen, or Emperor exercise the supreme powers of Gov’t. • Absolute Monarch- Have complete and unlimited power to rule their people • Rare Today (prominent 1400-1700’s) • Ex- Napoleon • Constitutional Monarch- Share gov’t powers with the elected legislatures or serve as the ceremonial leaders of their governments. • Most constitutional monarchies employ a parliamentary system in which the monarch may have strictly ceremonial duties or may have reserve powers, depending on the constitution

  26. Napoleon

  27. Types of Government • 2. Oligarchy • Any system of gov’t in which a small group holds the power. • Groups derive their power from wealth, military power, social position, or a combination of these. • Ex- The Medici family of Florence during the Renaissance (Aristocratic Families) • Communist Russia is said to be an Oligarchy.

  28. Cosimo de Medici

  29. Types of Government • 3. Democracy • Any system of gov’t in which the rule is by the people. (People have sovereign power) • Comes from Greek word demos (“The people”) • “Government of the People, by the People, and for the People.” - Abe Lincoln

  30. Forms of Democracy • Direct Democracy • The people govern themselves by voting on all issues individually as citizens • Typically can only exist in small groups or societies

  31. Forms of Democracy • Representative Democracy (Indirect) – The people elect representatives and give them the responsibility and power to make laws and conduct government. • Assembly of Reps may be called • Council • Legislature • Congress (House of Representation and Senate) • Parliament

  32. Forms of Democracy • Republic- Voters hold sovereign power. • Elected officials exercise that power • When coming out of the Constitutional Convention (1787) Franklin was asked what type of government he gave the people. • He answered, “A Republic, Madam, If you can keep it!” • Meaning that the people had to participate for it to work

  33. Characteristics of Democracy • Individual Liberty • Majority Rule w/ Minority Rights • Free Elections • Competing Political Parties

  34. Individual Liberty • Free to do anything as long as it doesn’t infringe on anyone else’s freedoms

  35. Majority Rule w/ Minority Rights • The majority votes count as long as they don’t infringe on the minorities rights • The Constitution protects the minority

  36. Free Elections • Gives people a chance to choose their leaders and voice their opinions on various issues • Everyone’s free to vote • Free to voice opinions • Gives access to competing ideas

  37. Competing Political Parties • Political Party -Group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, and conduct gov’t.

  38. 5 General Criteria for Democracy • Active citizen participation • Favorable Economy - Free Enterprise (Control own Economic decisions) • Wide Spread Education • Strong Civil Society - Associations, economic groups, Church organizations (exist independent of gov’t) • Social Consensus - Everyone must agree on the powers of gov’t

  39. Economic Theories Economics – The study of human efforts to satisfy seemingly unlimited wants through the use of limited resources (Land, water, minerals, and trees) - Also includes human factors such as skills, knowledge, and physical abilities

  40. Economics Cont. • There are never enough resources to produce all of the wants and services people need. • People must decide how to use these limited resources. • Normally the Government makes that decision.

  41. Three Major Economic Decisions • What and how much should be produced • How goods and services should be produced • Who gets the goods and services produced • These questions can be answered differently

  42. Three Major types of Economic Systems • Capitalism • Socialism • Communism

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