Cape Verde Islands

1. Cape Verde Islands

2. Globalization • Increasing connectedness of people and places through converging processes of economic, political and cultural change.

3. Currents of Globalization • 1. Transportation and Communication Technology Changes • Trans-national corporations (TNCs)/ International Trade - Goods and Services/ International Finance Regimes • Diffusion of Democracy or Hollowing out of the State? • 4. Cultural Linkages • 6. Social Movements and Transnational Communities • 7. Movements of People: Immigration/Refugees/Tourism

4. Geographies of Distance Scales in Geography Scalar and Categorical Linkages Space and Place Borders Environment/Society Interaction Population and Migration Geopolitics Development Globalization and Geography

5. Geographies of Distance • Friction of Distance • Action at a Distance • Time-Space Convergence: reduction of time required. to move people or goods over distances • Cost-Space Convergence: reduction of expenditures, especially relative to income, required to move people or goods over distances

6. “Time-space compression is a term used by the geographer David Harvey (The Conditions of Postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989) and refers to a process in which time is reorganized in such a way as to reduce the constraints of space, and visa versa. Time-space compression involves a shortening of time and a ‘shrinking’ of space. We might argue that if people in Manila can experience the same thing at the same time as others in Copenhagen, say a business transaction or a media event, then they live in effect in the same place; space has been annihilated by time compression. Harvey illustrates the process with maps of the world that shrink over time proportionately to the increasing speed of transportation. The world of the 1960s then is about one-fiftieth the size of the world of the sixteenth century because jet aircraft can travel at about fifty times the speed of a sailing ship.” Time Space Compression

7. Time Space Convergence Time 1800 1900 2000 YEAR

8. Cost-space Convergence Time 1800 1900 2000 YEAR

9. CommunicationConvergence Time Lag Time / Cost Cost 1800 1900 2000 YEAR

10. Scalesin Geography • Global • World-regional (e.g. North America) • 3. State (e.g. United States) • 4. Regional (e.g. American West • 5. Metropolitan Region (e.g. Denver Metro) • 6. Locality (e.g. Boulder) • Neighborhood (e.g. the “Hill’) • Household: Gender relations, Age relations • Personal: Body/Emotions/Spirituality

11. PyramidModel 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

12. Scale Elements 1. Linkages horizontally - same scale2. Linkages vertically - across scales3. Jumping Scales4. Different agencies important at different scales5. Different processes (e.g. political, economic, social, etc) important at different scales

13. Regional Linkages W. Europe E.Europe Russia CentralAsia China/E. Asia S.E. Asia S. Asia Middle East Africa L. America North America

14. Vertical Linkages World Trade Organization US Governnment State of Colorado City of Boulder

15. Horizontal Municipal Linkages World Trade Organization US Governnment State of Colorado Jalapa, Nicaragua City of Boulder Dushanbe, Tajikistan

16. Jumping Scales World Trade Organization Myanmar US Governnment State of Colorado City of Boulder Dushanbe, Tajikistan

17. Cross Categorical Linkages Environmental Cultural Geopolitical Population Economic

18. Cross Scalar/Cross Categorical Linkages • State-Global Economy • State-Household • Transnational Social Movement-State • Global Economy-Body • Local-Global

19. Space Literally “area”, but two meanings are more prevalent in Geography. • Absolute or abstract space: the sort of space that acts as a container for things • Social or relative space: space produced through social interaction. Societies produce space and space, in turn, produces societies. • Public space: space made available by the government or by private groups for political or leisurely activity.

20. Place • Place: A portion of geographical space occupied by a person or thing, and thus given meaning. Place is constructed out of interconnected processes operating at all scales, but which come together in a unique configuration at a particular location.

21. EnvironmentSociety Relations • Cultural Landscape: The environment as it is altered by humans via the construction of built forms; the natural landscape as altered by humans. • Political Ecology: the geographical study of the political processes at various scales that cause ecological change in a place or region

22. Borders • Political borders: • National • Municipal • Human borders: • Societal/Ethnic/Racial: Difference • Personal • Absolute borders/barriers • Permeable borders/barriers • Do Borders Still Matter?

23. PopulationFactors • Population Models show how population conditions influence poverty, geopolitics, social conditions and migration • Population Pyramids • Demographic Transition Model • Push/Pull Factors

24. Population Pyramids

25. Demographic Transition Model

26. Push/Pull Factors • Push Factors: • Conditions that cause people to leave their area • Pull Factors: • Conditions that attract people to another location

27. Geopolitics • Nation: A people bound together by a shared sense history and culture and rooted in a particular territory. • State: Territory with well-defined borders; with a government, institutions and recognized by world community. • Nation-State: The territory of a nation is congruent with the territory of a state. • Nationalism: A feeling of belonging to a nation; often a desire for national control over a state.

28. Geopolitics II • Regional • International • Supranational

29. Development • The process by which a society goes about realizing its potential. • Economic Development • Social Development • Sustainable Development • Alternative Development • Contrast with Uneven Development