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ENGLISH I

ENGLISH I. COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF TRANSPORT - advantages. alternative routes (flexibility) move trucks together with trailers door-to-door service punctual safe. COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF TRANSPORT - drawbacks. low capacity limited by distance traffic congestion.

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ENGLISH I

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  1. ENGLISH I

  2. COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF TRANSPORT - advantages • alternative routes (flexibility) • move trucks together with trailers • door-to-door service • punctual • safe

  3. COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF TRANSPORT - drawbacks • low capacity • limited by distance • traffic congestion

  4. 1. Route 2. Schedule 3. Truck (lorry) 4. Trailer 5. Ferry 6. Ro-ro 7. Reload 8. Theft 9. Capacity 10. Shipment

  5. BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS (HW 1) • As with any mode of transport, … transport has advantages and disadvantages. • Let us start with the benefits it offers. • The first certainly is that … • Moreover, … • One of the most significant advantages is that … • In addition to that, … • Another advantage is …

  6. BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS (HW 1) - cont’d • However, … transport also has disadvantages. • The first one certainly is that … • Secondly, … • Next, ...

  7. CROSSWORD PUZZLE • gravel road • viaduct • motorway • embankment • detour • crossroads • junction • street • main road • paved road

  8. CROSSWORD PUZZLE • underpass • tollroad • roundabout • bridge • tunnel • intersection • subway • carriageway

  9. CROSSWORD PUZZLE • carriageway • expressway • fly-over • freeway

  10. Motorway driving P1: Motorway driving P2: Motorways are safer P3: Joining a motorway P4: Getting off the motorway P5: Breaking down on a motorway P6: Lane discipline

  11. 1. Slip road - for approaching 2. Acceleration lane - for speeding up/accelerating/increasing the speed 3. Inside lane - for driving at a steady speed 4. Overtaking lane - for overtaking 5. Central reservation - divides the two carriageways 6. Hard shoulder - for emergencies 7. Deceleration lane - for decreasing the speed/slowing down/decelerating 8. Exit - for leaving the motorway 9. Carriageway – consists of lanes

  12. Motorways are safer because: • … travelling in the same direction • … restricted to certain users • … pedestrians, cyclists and other users • … oncoming traffic • … roundabouts • … wide, straight and well-marked

  13. On a motorway you: • … reverse • … cross the central reservation • … drive in the wrong direction • … for drivers on the acceleration lane • … mirrors alone • … you are overtaking • … in the deceleration lane

  14. carriageway lane overtake tailback motorway pedestrian vehicle bend roundabout reverse ordinary road refuel hazard lights passenger

  15. TRAFFIC SIGNS & PAVEMENT MARKINGS 1. Forest ahead. 2. Quayside or river bank 3. Road narrows on both sides

  16. 15: 2 1. Harsh acceleration. 2. Human error. 3. Turned to the left (into the kerb). 4. Round. 5. You must stop. 6. Leave the crossing clear.

  17. Regulatory signs • circular • white with black lettering,blue • inform roadway users of traffic laws or regulations • (prohibitive or compulsory) • speed limit, turn right Warning signs • triangular • white with black lettering • warn motorists of existing or potentially dangerous conditions • falling rocks

  18. Guide signs • direction and information signs • square or rectangular • yellow, blue or green • give guidance • hospital

  19. ROAD MARKINGS Remember the strategy of taking risks wisely! 1. You must… give way to traffic on the major road. 2. This road marking indicates … the centre line. 3. You must …… not cross double white lines. 4. You must …… not cross the solid line if it is on your side.

  20. REGULATORY SIGNS 1. It is prohibited …for pedestrians. 2. You must …turn left ahead. 3. You must …give way to traffic on the major road. 4. You must …stop and give way. 5. It is prohibited …for motor vehicles. 6. It is prohibited …for vehicles. 7. You must enter …the mini roundabout. 8. It is prohibited …to cycle. 9. You must …go ahead only. 10. You must not …turn right. 11. You must …keep left.

  21. WARNING SIGNS You should drive carefully because… 1. … there are road works. 2. … the road is slippery. 3. … children are going to or from school. 4. … there is a steep hill. You should pay attention because … 5. … there is a crossroads. 6. … there is a roundabout. 7. … the road is uneven. 8. … there is a cycle route.

  22. Because … you ought to slow down. 9. … the road narrows on both sides … 10. … there are traffic lights ahead … Because … you ought to reduce your speed. 11. … there is a pedestrian crossing ahead … 12. … two way traffic is ahead …

  23. p. 18/6 - opposites • Allowed • Careless • Speeds up/accelerates • Increase • Widens

  24. MODAL VERBS, P. 70 • I was able to ... • You must have seen who was responsible. • He might have not received my message. • You didn’t have to call me back. • It’s forbidden to get on the bus ... • We can take a break ... • He can’t have stolen the money. • Shall we take a plane? • Can I call a taxi for you? • You ought to spend more time at home.

  25. VOCABULARY • Allowed • Careless • Accelerates • Increase • Widens

  26. ROAD VEHICLES Van: engine-powered, 4 wheeled, for people, steered, public transport, personal vehicle. Taxi: engine-powered, 4 wheeled, for people, steered, publictransport. Truck: engine-powered, for heavy goods, steered. Bicycle: for people, steered, personal vehicle. Trailer: for heavy goods. Motorcycle: engine-powered, for people, steered, personal vehicle. Semi-trailer: for heavy goods. Double-decker: engine-powered, 4 wheeled, for people, steered, public transport.

  27. ROAD VEHICLES The truck is an engine-poweredmeans of transport designated for the carriage of heavy goods. Trucks are steered by drivers.

  28. PARTS OF THE CAR Wheel Door Wing mirror Driver’s seat Steering wheel Wing mirror Bonnet/hood Headlight Bumper registration plate, exhaust pipe

  29. ZERO-EMISSION AND LOW-EMISSION VEHICLES 1. Because energy conversion is totally clean. 2. Because friction losses are reduced and efficiency is improved. 3. The problem will be to find a cheap, practical and of course clean source of energy. 4. Battery vehicles, fuel cell vehicles and solar powered vehicles. 5. Initial cost is very high and batteries are big and heavy. 6. In 1932. 7. Hydrogen and oxygen. 8. Liquid. 9. Conversion efficiency of only 20%, they are so expensive, there is a need for a direct powerful sunlight. 10. No.

  30. ZERO-EMISSION AND LOW-EMISSION VEHICLES Convert electricity to mechanical energy Improve the efficiency Recycle some of the kinetic energy Store the electricity in batteries Plug your car into an electrical socket Produce electricity Introduce an idea Charge electric cars' batteries Some other options are possible

  31. ROAD ACCIDENTS • The graph illustrates the number of accidents on Slovene roads in the years 1999, 2000, and 2001. Compared to the previous year, we can see that in 2000 the number of car accidents fell by 1,155 (which accounts fora decrease of 2.84%). In 2001, the number of car accidents decreased further to 38,386.

  32. DESCRIBING A GRAPH The graph illustrates the number of fatalities on Slovene roads in 2000 and 2001. 134 fatalities can be attributed to excessive speed. In comparison with 2000, in 2001 the number of accidents decreased by 43. Compared to the previous year, in 2001 careless overtaking caused less fatalities, accounting for a 42% decrease. Speed contributed to 134 fatalities in 2001 and 133 fatalities in 2000. Another major cause for accidents was driving in the opposite lane. Due to careless overtaking, 30 people died in 2000 and 2001.

  33. Road transport vocabulary • Vehicle - truck (tractor + trailer + semi-trailer); • truck, • vehicle, • trailers, • semi-trailer, • tractor.

  34. Road transport vocabulary • Weight, • length/height/weight/safety/emission, • construction, construction, construction, • efficiency, • requirements, • maintenance, • development, • consumption.

  35. Road transport vocabulary • increase/decrease (efficiency, road safety, transport costs, the capacity); • less/more (than, complex, expensive, efficient, frequent); • accelerate/decelerate (quickly, up/down to the speed limit); • gross/nett (vehicle weight (GVW), weight, domestic product (GDP); • advantage/disadvantage (of a bigger truck, of these vehicles, of their increased capacity).

  36. Road transport vocabulary • were built, • was built, • was built, • be classified, • be classified, • are classified, • were constructed.

  37. RAILWAY TRAFFIC

  38. HISTORY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC In 1712 the first steam engine was built by Thomas Newcomen. In 1755 the first steam engine was installed to pump water in the US. In 1763 the Newcomen engine was made more efficient by James Watt. In 1804 the first steam locomotive was built by Richard Trevithick. In 1825 the first public railroad was opened in England. In 1831 the first railroad explosion was caused by a fireman. In 1857 the Slovene territory was crossed by a train for the first time. In 1870 the first major tunnel was completed through the Alps. In 1879 the electric engine was invented in Germany. In 1881 the public electric railroad was opened near Berlin.

  39. In 1885 the first transcontinental railway link was completed across the US. In 1890 the first electric subway was opened in London. In 1913 the diesel engine was constructed in Germany. In 1940 the steam engine was replaced by the diesel engine. In 1964 209 kph were reached by Japanese passenger trains. In 1981 260 kph were achieved by TGV between Paris/Lyon. In 1994 the Channel Tunnel was opened between France/England. In 1996 248 km/h were reached by Maglev in Florida. In 2000 the Pendolino, a tilting train, was introduced between Ljubljana/Maribor. In 2001 a direct railway link was established between Slovenia/Hungary. In 2003 the speed record of 581kmph was broken in Japan.

  40. CHUNNEL • running tunnels • service tunnel • escape route • maintenance work • vehicles • guides the vehicle • foot pedals • speed up • cross passages • piston relief ducts • airtight • pressurized • smoke • pollutants

  41. CHUNNEL • The terminals were designed in tandem with the carriages for cars. • The key element of the car terminal is that vehicles would be able to drive onto and off the shuttle trains. • 92% of Channel Tunnel trains are punctual. • Passengers stay in their cars during the crossing. This is controversial because in the event of an accident, there’s no easy way out of the cabins. • Trains travelling at the highest speed are passenger trains. • For security reasons, the number of trains in each tunnel and the distance between them are limited.

  42. FREIGHT TRAINS • a wide range OF car types • designed specifically FOR the handling • transport OF individual goods • Some OF these cars • FOR the carriage of • railway carriage WITH a sliding door • heavily insulated FOR the carriage OF perishable goods • carriage WITHOUT a roof or sides used FOR the carriage OF huge cargoes • FOR oil and other liquids • used FOR the carriage OF ore • FOR containers • IN the early 1960s

  43. AT the same time • the beginning OF intermodal transport • the carriage OF goods • a combination OFAT least two modes OF transport IN the same transport chain • part OF the journey • made BY road • made BY rail or sea • picked up AT a warehouse • loaded IN a container • taken BY road • is loaded ON a wagon • closest TO the final destination • AT this terminal • is transferred FROM the wagon TO a road trailer

  44. delivered directly BY road • is notified IN advance ABOUT the time OF arrival • IN the future • carriage OF freight • IN several ways • The most significant OF these • moving large volumes OF bulk • the handling OF large volumes • large volumes OF containers • BY “piggyback” trains • according TO the “just-in-time principle” • AT the defined hour

  45. FREIGHT TRAINS 1 and 2 • open-top car (minerals or ore), • boxcar and its derivative the refrigerator car (perishable frozen and chilled goods), • flatcar (huge cargoes), • tank car (oil and other liquids), • hopper car (ore, coal, and other bulky material), • and the container car (containers). 3 • the carriage of goods through a combination of at least two modes of transport in the same transport chain. 4 • move large volumes of bulk commodities, handle large volumes of containers by “piggyback” trains, and deliver according to the “just-in-time principle”.

  46. Car carrier

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