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Day 2

Day 2. Technical Sessions - 1 Social Accountability Tools. Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Worksho p. Thimphu , August 20-23, 2013. UNDERSTANDING BUDGETS & ENGAGING IN BUDGET WORK. Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Worksho p. Thimphu , August 20-23, 2013. What is a Budget?.

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Day 2

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  1. Day 2

    Technical Sessions - 1 Social Accountability Tools Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  2. UNDERSTANDING BUDGETS & ENGAGING IN BUDGET WORK Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  3. What is a Budget? “A budget is a plan that outlines where to get money from and what to spend it on.” Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  4. What can budgets tell us… Is the current budget adequate to meet policy objectives? How much priority is given to different sectors? Are budget allocations equitable? E.g., different population groups, different districts Are resources being spent efficiently? Are resources being used effectively? Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  5. Main Components of a Budget Revenue: Income – or Funds coming to the government from various sources. Expenditure: amount of money spent on goods and services aimed at meeting identified needs and goals of the budget. Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  6. TYPES OF REVENUE & EXPENDITURE What are the different sources of income or revenue of the National Govt.? What are the different kinds of expenditure of the Govt.? Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  7. Some sources of revenue and expenditure Revenue: Exploration and sales of natural minerals:- such as crude oil Direct taxes:- these are income taxes such as; personal income (salaries), Business Income, Corporate Income, Indirect taxes:- these include , Sales tax, Import and Export duties Non tax revenue:- Administration charges, Capital Revenue, Interest receipts Expenditure: Recurrent: This is an ongoing expenditure, example- personal and overhead cost (Salaries) Capital Expenditure: This is an expenditure of fixed assets that are not easily consumed (infrastructure) Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  8. Budget Outputs Surplus budget: Here budget expenditure is less than the revenue/income. In this case, there is an extra amount which can be used as savings or used for some other ventures. Deficit budget: Here the expenditure exceeds the income. In this case, the account of the government is in red. This might have been due to reckless spending or unforeseen situations. Balanced budget: Here, the income equals the expenditure. This shows budget discipline and planning. It is however rare and depends on a lot of variables. Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  9. Budget Analysis & Budget Work Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013

  10. The Politics & Economics of Aid

    Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  11. Globally, developing countries shell out $1.5 billion everyday on debt repayments. $34 million out of this is paid by the poorest countries. For every $1 received as aid, $5 is returned as repayment.
  12. State of Debt, May 2012. Jubilee Debt Campaign
  13. Since 2008, globally governments have spent almost $ 11 trillion bailing out banks and repairing financial systems.

  14. Information is Key to Budget Analysis

    Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  15. The Budget Cycle

  16. What are the entry points for budget work in Bhutan?

    Discussion Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  17. RESEARCH MONITOR ANALYSIS MOBILIZE ADVOCATE
  18. Types of Budget Work By population group – e.g. by geographic area or gender By government programme – e.g. Social security, non-formal education By issue – e.g. HIV and AIDS By policy – e.g. identifying areas of weakness in the education sector By using policy documents as a benchmark – e.g. Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers. Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  19. Sector Analysis Key questions: Allocation with respect to critical importance of the sector Have allocations increased in real terms over the years Do allocations reflect priority areas within the sector Do allocations favor or discriminate certain groups or regions Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  20. Discussion Which stage in the budget cycle will you get involved with? What activities can you do to influence this stage of budget work? What evidences/research/information will be needed? Who will you work with? What results can be expected? Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013

  21. Budget Calculations

    Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  22. SOME USEFUL TERMS Consumer Price Index (CPI): This reflects the price of a representative basket of consumer goods and services. This index measures the impact of inflation on the average consumer. Deflator: A statistical tool used to convert current currency into inflation-adjusted currency, in order to compare prices over time after factoring out the overall effects of inflation. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Total value of final goods and services produced in the country during a calendar year. GDP per person is the simplest overall measure of income in a country. Economic growth is measured by the change in GDP year by year. Gross National Product (GNP): The GDP plus the total net income from abroad. Inflation: The rate of increase in prices. Nominal terms: Actual monetary value in terms of its purchasing power at current prices. Nominal terms do not take into account the affect of inflation on the real value of money. Government budgets are set in nominal terms and do not adjust totals for inflation. Real terms: Value measured in terms of the purchasing power of money at a particular time. For instance, GDP may be measured in constant 2006 prices by taking the affect of inflation into account. Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  23. Consumer Price Index (Inflation Index) How is CPI Calculated? Monthly expenditure incurred by individuals on 363 items: (e.g.) Food & Non Alcoholic Beverages Alcohol & Narcotics Clothing & Footwear Housing, Water, Electricity, Gas, Fuel Household Furnishing & Maintenance Health Transport Communication Recreation & Culture Education Restaurants & Hotels Miscellaneous Goods & Services Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  24. Nominal Vs Real (Current Vs Constant) Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  25. Budget Calculations (1) Budget Share = (Budget Area / Total Budget) * 100 Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  26. Budget Calculations (2) Converting nominal allocations to real allocations, or current prices to constant prices, or adjusting for inflation Method 1: Using CPI or Inflation Index Real Value = (Nominal Value * Current Inflation Index)/Previous Year Inflation Index Method 2: Using a deflator Real Value = Nominal Value / Deflator Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  27. Example 2 Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  28. Example 3 Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  29. Budget Calculations (3) Measuring changes over time Change in % = (Most recent budget figure - previous year’s figure) / previous year’s figure * 100 Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  30. Budget Calculations (4) Calculating per capita expenditure = Spending / population Comparing budget to GDP = (Total spending /GDP) * 100 Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  31. Practice Exercises Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  32. Tool# 2 SERVICE DELIVERY SURVEYS / CITIZEN REPORT CARD Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  33. A School Report Card Name: Gopa; Class: IX Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013

  34. LEARNINGS FROM A SCHOOL REPORT CARD…

    Power of MEASUREMENT Power of COMPARISON An Opportunity for REFLECTION A trigger for CHANGE & IMPROVEMENTS Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  35. Defining Features Credible user feedback on public services Provide opportunities to communities to demand more access, responsiveness & accountability from service providers (from Shouting to Counting) Create an effective diagnostic tool for service providers to prioritize areas for reform Report always in PUBLIC DOMAIN Not a one-off effort – continued benchmarking Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  36. What evidences are collected FEEDBACK FROM ACTUAL USERS OF SERVICES REGARDING AVAILABILITY, ACCESS & USAGE OF SERVICES QUALITY & RELIABILITY INCIDENCE OF PROBLEMS & RESPONSIVENESS OF SERVICE PROVIDERS HIDDEN COSTS - CORRUPTION & FORCED INVESTMENTS SATISFACTION WITH SERVICE REASONS FOR DISSATISFACTION SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENTS Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  37. The Methodology Identifying services – What to study? Determining the sample – Whom to ask? Designing the questionnaire – What to ask? Conducting the survey – How to collect information? Analyzing the information – What to report? Using the information – How to move from findings to reforms? Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013

  38. An Example…

    CRC in a Municipality in Sri Lanka
  39. The Context NuweraEliya Municipality in central part of Sri Lanka – Pop: 750,000 16 General Services & 2 Special Services assessed Surveys conducted by University students Initial briefings with city Mayor and his staff Sample of 450 HHs for General Services & 100 respondents for each of the 2 special services
  40. Overall Satisfaction with General Services
  41. Unbundling Civic Amenities (1)
  42. Overall Satisfaction with Special Services
  43. We now raise the bar and take a look at complete satisfaction When citizens say they are “satisfied’they can be completely satisfied or partially satisfied
  44. Complete Satisfaction with General Services Combined Score is 20/100
  45. Complete Satisfaction with Special Services
  46. What are the top 3 aspects that explain citizen satisfaction
  47. General Services
  48. How do citizens rate services in terms of problem incidence & resolution
  49. Problem Incidence, Reporting & Resolution – General Services
  50. Economic Status & Satisfaction
  51. Overall Satisfaction & Ethnicity
  52. Location & Satisfaction
  53. CRC & Political Representation
  54. Recommendations Setting up an internal committee to review and develop an action plan Sharing the findings with business community to explore possibilities for PPPs Institutionalizing CRC – Repeat the exercise after 2 years
  55. Corruption & The Urban Poor Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  56. Urban Services in Bangalore Percentage of satisfied citizens % Satisfied Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  57. SERVICE WISE SATISFACTION % Satisfied agency Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  58. CORRUPTION Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  59. Who can do a CRC? Individual Civil Society Organizations – PAC (India) & TIB (Bangladesh) Civil Society Partnerships – People’sVoice Project (Ukraine), PANE (Ethiopia) Independent Multi-Stakeholder Consortiums – Kenya, Tanzania, Kyrgystan Political Leadership (National/Sub-national) – Philippines, Vietnam, Delhi, Bosnia-Herzogovina Governments (Local) – Brazil (7), India (50+), Sri Lanka (3) Utilities – Karachi KWSSB, 3 cities in Kenya (Water), Police (Bangalore) Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  60. VARIETY IN IMPACT OF CRC’S AGENCIES DISCUSS PERFORMANCE WITH CITIZENS IN OPEN FORA IN BANGALORE SYSTEMATIC CITIZEN WATCH DOG ROLE IN LOCAL GOVT. IN TERNOPIL, UKRAINE FINDINGS USED TO BETTER DIRECT BUDGET ALLOCATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES INDEPENDENT APPROACH TO MONITOR PRO-POOR SERVICES IN ZANZIBAR & ETHIOPIA LOWER LEVEL OFFICIALS CITE FINDINGS TO SEEK FUNDS & SUPPORT IN MUMBAI, INDIA POLITICAL LEADERSHIP ASKS FOR MORE DIRECT FEEDBACK IN DELHI, SRI LANKA. Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  61. Some Enablers Building ownership among stakeholders Presenting information in a neutral way – Pat & Slap Focus only on institutions – never on individuals Power of information dissemination Sequencing activities Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
  62. Challenges in Implementing CRC Locating different skill sets – survey, analysis, advocacy Lot of preparatory work (design) Ensuring repetitions & institutionalization Willing to dedicate time and resources Credibility of the champion
  63. Discussion Can SDS/CRC be implemented in our context? If yes, which sector, program or service is most enabling? Give reasons What aspects (indicators) of the sector, program or service would you be interested? Which population will you target for collecting information? What are the key challenges or risks that you anticipate? How will you address them? What additional skills and resources do we need to implement SDS/CRC? Dr. Gopakumar Thampi. SDC/ACC Workshop. Thimphu, August 20-23, 2013
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