1 / 22

Korean Politics (POLI 133J) , March 31

Korean Politics (POLI 133J) , March 31. Q&A with a ROK National Assemblyman The division and the Korean War Transition from a LAO to an OAO. Welcome to Korean politics class!. Lee, Jong-Kul Democratic Party Member of NA (16 th , 17 th , 18 th ) Strategy & Finance Committee

ethel
Télécharger la présentation

Korean Politics (POLI 133J) , March 31

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Korean Politics (POLI 133J), March 31 Q&A with a ROK National Assemblyman The division and the Korean War Transition from a LAO to an OAO

  2. Welcome to Korean politics class! Lee, Jong-Kul Democratic Party Member of NA (16th, 17th, 18th) Strategy & Finance Committee Chair, Job Creation Committee “Lawyers for a Democratic Society” B.A. Seoul National University Law School, Dept. of Public Law

  3. Chronology (1) • “5000 years of history” • KoJosun/ Three Kingdoms/ Unified Silla • Koryo Dynasty (918-1392) • Chosun (Yi or Lee) Dynasty (1392-1910) • 1910: annexed by Japan • 1945: liberation, temporary division • 1948: establishment of two Koreas • 1950-53: Korean War

  4. Chronology (2) 1st Republic: Syngman Rhee (1948-60) • April 1960: student revolution 2nd Republic: Chang Myon, prime minister(1960-1) • May 1961: military coup 3rd Republic: Park Chung-hee (1963-72) • October 1972: Yushin 4th Republic: Park Chung-hee (1972-79) • October 1979: Park’s assassination • 12/12/1979 & 5/17/1980: two-stage coup • May 1980: Kwangju uprising & massacre

  5. Chronology (3) 5th Republic: Chun Doo-hwan (1981-87) • June 1987: mass demonstrations • 6/29/1987: democratic declaration • December 1987: presidential election 6th Republic (1988- ) • Roh Tae-woo (1988-93) • Kim Young-sam (1993-98) • Kim Dae-jung (1998-2003) • 1st inter-Korean summit (2000) • Roh Moo-hyun (2003-2008) • Lee Myung-bak (2008-2013)

  6. South Korea, 1948-

  7. The division and the war • Causes of the division and the war? -temporary division (1945) “the second American betrayal” -permanent division (1948) -war (1950-53) • Effects of the division and the war on the politics in South Korea and North Korea

  8. Division • 1943: Cairo Conference: US, Britain, and china declare future Korean independence “in due course”; at the subsequent Tehran Conference, Stalin agrees. • 1945: The USSR declares war on Japan (August 8); The US proposes to the USSR the 38th parallel as the line of demarcation, and the USSR agrees (August 12); Japan surrenders (August 15); At the Moscow Conference, the US, Britain, and the USSR agree to a 5-year trusteeship for Korea • 1946: The First US-USSR Joint Commission to implement the Moscow trusteeship agreement adjourns w/o an agreement (March-May). • 1947: The Second US-USSR Joint Commission fails (May-October); The US takes the Korean question to the United Nations General Assembly, and the USSR protests.

  9. Division & War • 1948: A UN delegation to supervise general elections in the Korean peninsula arrives (January); The UN decides to hold elections only in the US-occupied southern half of the peninsula (February); The Republic of Korea (South Korea) established, with Syngman Rhee as President (August 15); The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) established, with Kim Il Sung as Premier. • 1950: The Korean War begins with a large-scale invasion of South Korea by North Korea (June 25). • 1953: The Korean War ends in an armistice w/o a peace treaty (July); the DMZ (demilitarized zone) created.

  10. Debate on the origins of the Korean War • The oldest school: The war began with a North Korean invasion of the South at the instigation of and support from Soviet leader Josef Stalin. • The revisionist school: blamed the United States and South Korea for the war; It’s unimportant to debate who started the war and how since the war was ultimately a war for national unification. • The new school: rather than blaming Stalin as the prime mover behind the invasion, it instead regarded North Korean leader Kim Il-sung as the mastermind behind the attack.

  11. Causes of the Division and the War • Internal conflicts between the left and the right: Few preferred a division (separate governments) to any form of unified country. • 38th Parallel: Proposed by the US and agreed by USSR as a temporary line of demarcation • Failure to implement the Moscow trusteeship agreement • Development of the Cold War • Division as a fundamental cause of the Korean War: “civil war” • Kim Il-sung’s invasion and the misjudgment of the US (Stalin’s war): “internationalization” of the war.

  12. Effects of the division and the war • External threat as a rationale for authoritarian rule in both Koreas -SK: Anticommunist state rather than a democratic state -Elimination of the left and “red complex” in SK -Why does the NK regime not collapse? • Fierce competition between the two Koreas -NK: A model of socialist development until the early 1970s -SK: A model of developmental state • Unusually equal distribution of income and wealth: Land reform • Strategic importance of Korean peninsula • Long-term peace under intense tension (armistice)

  13. Research Questions • S. Korea: A rare case of LAO transition to OAO How did it happen? • Sequencing & interaction of economic & political opening What made it possible? • Comparison with TWN & PHL Has the transition completed?

  14. Previous explanations of Korean development • Few attempts to explain both economic and political development • Dominant explanation for economic growth: “Developmental state” established by Park • But, where does it come from? • Favorable conditions for Park: 1) Equality of income and wealth, Absence of landed elite 2) Education (literacy and numeracy)

  15. Trends of land gini Sources: Ban, Moon, and Perkins (1980), Taylor and Jodice (1983), and Frankema (2006) Note: When there are multiple estimates, both the lower and the higher estimates are included.

  16. Trends of income gini Source: World Income Inequality Database

  17. Land reform in S. Korea • August 1945: Liberation; Separation of North and South • October 1945: American Military Government, rent reduction (1/3) • 1946: Radical land reform in the North • 1948: AMG redistributed 240,000 hectares of former Japanese land. • August 1948: Establishment of ROK, followed by DPRK in September • March 1950: Land Reform Act, signed into law. • 1950-52: Government purchased and redistributed 330,000 hectares of farmland, before and during the war. • Retention limit: 3 hectares • Buying and selling prices: 1.5 times the annual yield • Voluntary sales of over 500,000 hectares, between 1948 and 1950. • 52 percent of total cultivated land transferred ownership.

  18. Changes after the reform • Before the reform: The richest 2.7 percent of rural households owned two thirds of all the cultivated lands, while 58 percent owned no land at all. • By 1956, however, the top 6 percent owned only 18 percent of the cultivated lands. • Tenancy dropped from 49 percent to 7 percent of all farming households, and the area of cultivated land under tenancy fell from 65 percent to 18 percent.

  19. Sequence and interaction of economic and political openings • Land reform (1948-50) → Expansion of education (upward equalization) → Human capital-based growth w/ equity; Autonomous bureaucracy; Democratization movements → Democratic transition (1987) • Democratic transition (1987) → Popular demand for economic reforms; Financial crisis & change of government (1997) → Economic reforms & democratic consolidation (1998- )

  20. Consolidation of OAO: Challenges for South Korea • Mutually reinforcing relationships between open access in various systems: Citizens’ belief system, vibrant civil society, transfer of power, economic reforms • Limited access still remaining: National Security Law, chaebol’s market power & weak consumer protection, setbacks in rule of law

  21. Role of external threat and competition • Land reform: North Korean threat • Security threat from NK • Economic performance competition with NK • From import substitution to export promotion: Competition in global markets

  22. Reversal of fortunes?Irony of history? • South America vs. North America • USSR-model socialism vs. welfare capitalism & social democracy • South Korea vs. North Korea • South Korea & Taiwan vs. the Philippines

More Related