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S-005

S-005. Collecting data: What methods to use. Common methods. Interviews Face-to-face Focus group Telephone Skype / video conference. Questionnaires “mailed” or distributed to individuals Completed in a group setting (classroom) On-line questionnaires. Observations

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S-005

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  1. S-005 Collecting data: What methods to use

  2. Common methods • Interviews • Face-to-face • Focus group • Telephone • Skype / video conference • Questionnaires • “mailed” or distributed to individuals • Completed in a group setting (classroom) • On-line questionnaires • Observations • Open-ended (unstructured) • Using field notes • Structured • Event-driven • Time sampling • Unit of observation • Teacher • Student • group • Tests • Standardized • Norm-referenced • Criterion-referenced • Standards-based

  3. More ideas • Interviews • Questionnaires • Observations • Tests • Secondary data sources • Existing information that is already collected

  4. More ideas • Interviews • Questionnaires • Observations • Tests • Secondary data sources • Content analysis • Documents, books, newspapers • TV, media • Other artifacts

  5. More ideas • Interviews • Questionnaires • Observations • Tests • Secondary data sources • Content analysis • Physiological recordings • Eye movements • Heart rate, Blood pressure • Stress levels • Brain activity • MRI • fMRI

  6. More ideas • Interviews • Questionnaires • Observations • Tests • Secondary data sources • Content analysis • Physiological measures • Unobtrusive measures • Video • Audio • Wear-and-tear assessments

  7. More ideas • Interviews • Questionnaires • Observations • Tests • Secondary data sources • Content analysis • Physiological measures • Unobtrusive measures • Others? • Diaries or logs • Other ideas?

  8. Features to consider • Social desirability • What is the “right” answer • What do they want me to say? • Sensitive topics • Response sets • Timing • Practice / familiarity • With the topics • With the terminology • With the format • Setting • School, home, other • Formal or informal • Format • Technology • Administering • Who will do this? • Participation rates • Costs • Time / money • Flexibility • Clarification • Order of items • Fixed order – no looking ahead • Flexible order – based on responses • Non-verbal information • Literacy levels • Cultural differences Other issues to add?

  9. Examples to consider Other ideas? 2. Observe the students in classrooms (and other settings?) 1. Ask with a questionnaire We are interested in students’ attitudes toward school. How engaged and involved are they? Consistency, face validity, efficiency. Consistency, face validity. But . . . Will they know this? Accuracy of self reports? Superficial? But . . . Who will observe? Coverage? Where to observe? Consistency? 4. Track attendance, grades, test scores, participation in school activities 3. Interview students, teachers, parents Direct (face validity), comprehensive Unobtrusive, indirect, extended over time, quantifiable But . . . Validity of this? But . . . Response rates? Knowledge of issues? Interviewer bias? Feasibility?

  10. A mix of strategies • Mixed methods tend to work best • In developing best methods • In analyzing and interpreting • Quantitative and qualitative approaches • Questionnaires and interviews and observations (and others) • Open-ended and closed-option options • Expert opinions and a variety of other voices • Multiple perspectives • Be rigorous and careful at all stages • Consider alternative approaches • Consider alternative interpretations

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