A b n o r m a l P s y c h o l o g y A.K.A. Psychological Disorders

1. AbnormalPsychologyA.K.A. Psychological Disorders A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive and unjustifiable. http://www.appsychology.com/Book/AbmormalPsych/abnormal_psychology.htm

2. DSM IV • Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the big book of disorders. • DSM will classify disorders and describe the symptoms. • DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible cures.

3. Multiaxial Classification Axis I Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present? Axis II Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present? Axis III Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or arthritis etc) also present? Axis IV Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing issues) also present? Axis V What is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning?

4. Two Major Classifications in the DSM Neurotic Disorders Psychotic Disorders Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions. • Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally. John Wayne Gacy

5. Anxiety Disorders • a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety. • the patient fears something awful willhappen to them. • They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear. • http://www.appsychology.com/Book/AbmormalPsych/anxietydis.htm

6. Phobias • A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread. • Must be an irrational fear. • Phobia List

7. Generalized Anxiety DisorderGAD • An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. • The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia.

8. Panic Disorder • An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.

9. Obsessive-compulsive disorder • Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action. • Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive hand washing.

10. Post-traumatic Stress Disordera.k.a. PTSD • Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event. • Memories of the even cause anxiety.

11. Somatoform Disorders • Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom. • Two types…… • http://www.appsychology.com/Book/AbmormalPsych/somatoformdis.htm

12. Hypochondriasis • Has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause. • They usually believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more severe illnesses.

13. Conversion Disorder • Report the existence of severe physical problems with no biological reason. • Like blindness or paralysis. Pol Pot

14. Dissociative Disorders • These disorders involve a disruption in the conscious process. • Three types…. • http://www.appsychology.com/Book/AbmormalPsych/dissociativedis.htm

15. Psychogenic Amnesia • A person cannot remember things with no physiological basis for the disruption in memory. • Retrograde Amnesia • NOT organic amnesia. • Organic amnesia can be retrograde or anterograde.

16. Dissociative Fugue • People with psychogenic amnesia that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment.

17. Dissociative Identity Disorder • Used to be known as Multiple Personality Disorder. • A person has several rather than one integrated personality. • People with DID commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma.

18. Personality Disorders • Well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function. • Dominates their personality. • http://www.appsychology.com/Book/AbmormalPsych/personalitydis.htm

19. Obsessive –Compulsive Personality Disorder • Overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors. • Not as extreme as OCD anxiety. • Perfectionists • Preoccupied with details, rules, schedules • Serious and formal • Cannot express tender feelings

20. Antisocial Personality Disorder • Lack of empathy. • Breaks rules and laws • Takes advantage of other people for personal gain • Feels little remorse or guilt • Appears friendly and charming on the surface • Often intelligent

21. Histrionic Personality Disorder • Needs to be the center of attention. • Whether acting silly or dressing provocatively. • Overly dramatic; attention seekers; easily angered; seductive; vain; shallow and manipulative • Displays intense, but often false emotions

22. Dependent Personality Disorder • Rely too much on the attention and help of others. • Over-reliance on others that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation • The submissive behaviors arise from feeling unable to cope without the help of others

23. Borderline Personality Disorder • Self image is distorted, making the person feel worthless and fundamentally flawed. • Their anger, impulsivity and frequent mood swings may push others away, even though they desire loving relationships. • Very unstable relationships • Erratic emotions and self-damaging behavior • Impulsive; unpredictable • Aggressive and sexual behavior • Easily angered

24. Narcissistic Personality Disorder • Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance. • Thinking that you are the center of the universe. • Crave admiration of others • Feel they are privileged and special • Expects favors from others • Emotions are NOT erratic

25. Mood Disorders • Experience extreme or inappropriate emotion. http://www.appsychology.com/Book/AbmormalPsych/mooddis.htm

26. Major Depression • Unhappy for at least two weeks with no apparent cause. • 5 signs: 1. lethargy 2. feelings of worthlessness 3. loss of interest in family 4. loss of interest in friends 5. loss of interest in activities

27. Seasonal Affective Disorder • Experience depression during the winter months. • Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight. • Treated with light therapy.

28. Bipolar Disorder • Formally manic depression. • Involves periods of depression and manic episodes. • Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable). • Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode.

29. Schizophrenic Disorders • About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia. Symptoms of Schizophrenia • Disorganized thinking. • Disturbed Perceptions • Inappropriate Emotions and Actions http://www.appsychology.com/Book/AbmormalPsych/schizophrenia.htm

30. Disorganized Thinking • The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs. • Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in selective attention.- they cannot filter out information.

31. Positive v. Negative Symptoms • Negative Symptoms • Absence of appropriate ones. • Positive Symptoms • Presence of inappropriate symptoms

32. Schizophrenia • The symptoms of schizophrenia fall into three broad categories: • Positive symptoms • easy-to-spot behaviors not seen in healthy people and usually involve a loss of contact with reality • Negative symptoms • reductions in normal emotional and behavioral states • Lack of important abilities • Cognitive symptoms • difficulties with concentration and memory

33. Positive symptoms • Delusions • Delusions are false personal beliefs that are not part of the person's culture and do not change, even when other people present proof that the beliefs are not true or logical • Hallucinations • "Voices" are the most common type of hallucination in schizophrenia • Disorganized speech / Thought disorder • Word salads (jumbled, unconnected words) • Neologisms (words that have meaning only to the individual) • Ongoing disjointed or rambling monologues • Thought blocking (stopping abruptly in the middle of a thought • Disorders of movement / Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior

34. Delusions (false beliefs) • Delusions of Persecution • Delusions of Grandeur

35. Delusions • Delusions of persecution • People are out to “get” you • Delusions of reference • People are talking about you • Messages are being sent through radio, TV, etc. • Somatic Delusions • A terrible illness exists • Something foreign is inside or passing through your body • Delusions of grandeur • You are very special or have special powers or abilities • “Napoleon” etc. Must distinguish between delusions that everyone experiences from time to time and severe delusions

36. Hallucinations • Hallucinations can take many forms • Visual – seeing things that others don’t • Auditory – hearing things • Tactile – feeling things others don’t feel or feeling that something is touching your skin that isn’t there • Olfactory – smelling things • Gustatory – tasting things • Must distinguish between hallucinations that everyone experiences from time to time and severe hallucinations

37. Disturbed Perceptions • hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

38. Negative symptoms • Alogia or poverty of speech • Flat affect • immobile facial expression, monotonous voice • reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression, including facial expression, voice tone, eye contact • Avolition • reduction, difficulty, or inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed behavior • diminished ability to initiate and sustain planned activity • Inappropriate social skills and/or social isolation

39. Inappropriate Emotions and Actions • Laugh at inappropriate times. • Flat Effect • Senseless, compulsive acts. • Catatonia- motionless Waxy Flexibility

40. Cognitive symptoms • Poor "executive functioning" (the ability to absorb and interpret information and make decisions based on that information), • Inability to sustain attention • Problems with "working memory" (the ability to keep recently learned information in mind and use it right away) • Difficulties in • Understanding • Expressing thoughts • Integrating thoughts, feelings, and behavior

41. Types of Schizophrenia

42. Disorganized Schizophrenia • disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion. • Clang associations • "Imagine the worstSystematic, sympatheticQuite pathetic, apologetic, paramedicYour heart is prosthetic"

43. Paranoid Schizophrenia • preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations. • Somebody is out to get me!!!!

44. Catatonic Schizophrenia • Flat effect • Waxy Flexibility • parrot like repeating of another’s speech and movements

45. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia • Many and varied Symptoms.

46. Other Disorders • Paraphilias (pedophilia, zoophilia, hybristophilia) • Fetishism • sadist, masochist • Eating Disorders • Substance use disorders • ADHD

47. The Rosenhan Study • Rosenhan’s associates were Malingering symptoms of hearing voices. • They were ALL admitted for schizophrenia. • None were exposed as imposters. • They all left diagnosed with schizophrenia in remission. • What are some of the questions raised by this study?