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Alkaloids (Lecture 5)

Alkaloids (Lecture 5). By Ms. Tehseen Quds. Learning Objectives. At the end of this lecture students will be able to: Identify Opium and their alkaloids. Know the isolation of latex from Opium capsules. Perform extraction of Opium alkaloids.

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Alkaloids (Lecture 5)

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  1. Alkaloids (Lecture 5) By Ms. Tehseen Quds

  2. Learning Objectives At the end of this lecture students will be able to: • Identify Opium and their alkaloids. • Know the isolation of latex from Opium capsules. • Perform extraction of Opium alkaloids. • Explain in detail about Opium alkaloids and their uses.

  3. Opium • Biological Source: Opium or gum opium is the air dried milky exudates obtained by incising the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum. • Annual herb. • Term opium is from Greek Opion meaning Poppy juice.

  4. Opium • History: In 1806 Serturner isolated the alkaloid morphine from Opium. The opium poppy is grown commercially now in many countries throughout the world. • Cultivation and Collection: The cultivation of Opium poppy is controlled internationally by the International Narcotics Control Board of the United Nations.

  5. How to obtain Latex from Capsules?

  6. Latex Collection from Capsules • The capsules are incised with a knife, which is usually 3- bladed and the incision is made around the circumference of the capsule. The latex which flows out at first is white, rapidly coagulates and turns brown to blackish. • Each capsules incised 4 or 5 separate times.

  7. Latex Collection from Capsules (Continued) • The congealed opium is scraped off with an iron scoop or knife before the heat makes it more tightly. • When sufficient latex is collected, it is kneaded into bails that are wrapped in poppy leaves and dried in the shade.

  8. Constituents • More than 30 different alkaloids have been obtained. Most important of these are Morphine (4-21%), Codeine (0.8-2.5%), Noscapine formerly narcotine (4-8%), Papaverine (0.5-2.5%), thebaine (0.5-2%) and narceine etc. • Externally, opium is pale olive brown or olive gray.

  9. Extraction from Opium Filtrate (Morphine, Codeine, Narceine) Precipitate (Narcotine, Papaverine, Thebaine)

  10. Extraction from Opium (Continued) Filtrate extracted With Chloroform 1. Dissolve ppt. in alcohol 2. Acidify with Acetic acid 3. Add 3 volumes of boiling water Chloroform Aqueous sol. Morphine, Narceine Aqueous Solution (Thebaine) Precipitate (narcotine) Acidify then make slightly Alkaline with Ammonia Dissolve in boiling 0.3% oxalic acid sol and cool Aqueous sol. (Narceine) Precipitate (Morphine) Crystals (Papaverine Oxalate) Aq.sol. Narcotine oxalate

  11. Opium Uses • Pharmaceutic necessity for powdered opium. • As an analgesic, a hypnotic, narcotic and antidiarrheal. • Checks excessive peristalsis. • Dose: 60 mg • Prescription products: Dover’s powder and camphorated opium tincture.

  12. Opium uses (Continued) • Paregoric or Camphorated opium tincture is classed as an antiperistaltic. • Usual dose is 5-10ml 1-4 times a day.

  13. Poppy seeds • Poppy seed or Maw seed is the dried seed of Papaver somniferum. • Poppy seeds contain no significant quantity of alkaloids contains 50% fixed oil. • Seed used as food and salad dressing.

  14. Opium AlkaloidsMorphine • Morphine and its salts are classed as narcotic analgesic. • Strongly hypnotic and narcotic. • Induces nausea, vomiting, constipation and habit formation. • Dose: Morphine Sulfate parentrally is 10mg 6 times a day.

  15. Codeine • Most widely used opium alkaloid. It may be either obtained from opium (0.2 to 0.7%). • Prepared from morphine by methylation. • From thebaine by demethylation.

  16. Codeine Uses • Narcotic analgesic and antitussives. • As sedative especially in allaying coughs. • It is considerably less toxic and involves much less danger of habit formation. • Dose: Usual doses of codeine phosphate and Codeine sulfate are As analgesic: 15-60 mg every 4 hrs. As antitussive:10-20 mg every 4-6 hrs.

  17. Heroine • Diacetyle morphine or heroine is formed by the acetylation of morphine. • Danger of habit formation its manufacture in the United States is forbidden by law and its use in medicine has been discontinued.

  18. Apomorphine HCl • Preparation • When Rejected? • Used as an emetic and is particularly valuable in cases of poisoning because it may be administered SC. • Dose: SC is 100µg/Kg of body weight. (Max 6mg)

  19. Papaverine • Occurs naturally in opium to the extent of about 1%. • Used as Smooth muscle relaxant and an antitussive in combination with Codeine sulfate. • Dose: Orally 150 mg, IM 30 mg. • As antitussive 15mg. • Products Pavabid, Pavadyl, Copavin (Comb.)

  20. Hydromorphone HCl • Morphine derivative • Use: powerful narcotic analgesic. • Dose: 2 mg every 4 hrs • Product: Chief ingredient in Dilaudid cough syrup. • Side effects

  21. Hydrocodone bitartarate or Dihydrocodeinone bitartarate • Codeine derivative • Use: As an antitussive • Dose: 5-10mg, 3 to 4 times a day. • e.g. Dicodid and Codone

  22. Noscapine • Commonly called Narcotine and Anarcotine. • Antitussive. • Dose: 15mg up to 4 times a day. • Available in syrup and chewable tablets. e.g. Conar and Theo-Nar.

  23. Opioid Analgesics • What “Opioid” term indicates?

  24. References • Pharmacognosy by Varro E Tyler, 10th Edition,pp. 195-261 • Trease and Evans, Pharmacognosy, 16th Edition pp. 353-415. • Pharmacognosy by CK Kokate, 39th Edition, Pp.460-530 • www.google.com

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