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Understanding Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics: Geohazards Around the World

This presentation explores the nature of earthquakes, focusing on how they relate to plate tectonics and identify geohazardous regions globally. It discusses different types of tectonic boundaries, including transform, divergent, and convergent, along with significant earthquake events. Utilizing the Engdahl Centennial Catalog, it highlights recorded earthquakes from 1900 to 2002, showcasing the seismic risks associated with living in certain areas. Visualizations of plate movements and global earthquake data deepen our understanding of these geological phenomena.

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Understanding Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics: Geohazards Around the World

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  1. How earthquakes help us understand plate tectonics and identify geohazardous regions of the world Global Shakes: Erica Rios, Angie Pettenato, and Shoua Yang COSMOS 2006: Earthquakes in Action

  2. Outline • What is an Earthquake? • Engdahl Centennial Catalog • Types of Boundaries • Major Trenches • Screen Shot • Conclusion • Acknowledgements • Demo

  3. What is an Earthquake? • An earthquake is a trembling of the Earth's surface • Usually caused by stress that is released along the fault lines as pressure builds up over time • Shock waves will be generated by the movement of the masses of rock and crust.

  4. Engdahl Centennial Earthquake Catalog • Contains information on earthquakes recorded around the world • Recently updated to include earthquakes from 1900-2002 • Complete down to Mw 7.0 between 1900-1964 and Mw 5.5 for 1964-2002

  5. Transform Boundaries • Plates move horizontally against each other • Earthquakes tend to be shallow and small to moderate in magnitude • Example: San Andreas Fault in California • 1906 San Francisco • 1989 Loma Prieta http://www.earthscape.org/t1/lic01/lic01ba.html

  6. Where plates move apart and away from each other Formation of new crust Earthquakes tend to be shallow to medium depth with lesser magnitudes. Ex) Mid-Atlantic Ridge Ex) East African Rift Zone Saudi Arabia, Red Sea, Horn of Africa Divergent Boundaries http://dl.ccc.cccd.edu/classes/internet/geology100/IntroLecture1.htm

  7. Convergent Boundaries • Plates move toward each other • One plate subducts under another • Earthquakes tend to be deep and range all magnitudes • Trenches & tsunamis • Earthquake struck northeast of La Paz, Bolivia on June 9, 1994 • M 8.3 • Depth of 636 km http://dl.ccc.cccd.edu/classes/internet/geology100/IntroLecture1.htm

  8. Aleutian Trench • Pacific Plate is subducting under the North American Plate • Great earthquake hit Alaska on March 27, 1964 • M 9.2 • 61.4°N, 147.73°W • Caused avalanches, landslides, tsunamis, and ground deformations http://piru.alexandria.ucsb.edu/~geog3/concept_illus/691_ex.jpg

  9. Peru-Chile Trench • Located along southeastern Pacific Ocean, about 160 km off the coast of Peru and Chile • Result of the eastern edge of the Nazca Plate subducting under the South American Plate • Extends 5,900 km and has a maximum depth of 8.1 km • Great earthquake struck south of Central Chile on May 22, 1960 • M 8.6 • Depth of 33 km http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_trench

  10. Java Trench • Located in the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean • Trench is a seam between the Eurasian and Indian Plates • Extends 2,600 km and has a maximum depth of 7.7 km • Major earthquake resulted in the deadly tsunami of December 2004 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Trench

  11. Visualization • Tectonic plate boundaries, colored by type • Earthquakes by magnitude • Major cities’ populations: 6 million to 12 million • Volcanic Hotspots

  12. Conclusion • Engdahl Catalog: record of earthquakes from 1900 – 2002 • Updated the catalog’s 3D scene file with tectonics, hotspots, major cities, undersea trenches • Geohazards of living in certain regions of the world

  13. Acknowledgment We would like to thank the following people in helping us to complete this project: Allison Jacobs Bridget Smith Debi Kilb Jerry Lederman Benson Shing Andreas Stavridis Jon Deck

  14. Works Cited • http://earthquake/usgs.gov/research/data/centennial.php • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Trench • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/strike_slip_fault • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga_Trench • http://www.extremescience.com/GreatestEarthquake.htm • http://www.margins.wustl.edu/SF/I-B_M/IZUBonin.html • http://www.crew.org/home/eqfacts.html • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/tectonics/transform.html • http://www.scec.org/core/public/showobject.php/12940 • http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=5424%&archives=true

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