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History and Structure

Chapter 5. History and Structure. Policing:. English Policing. American policing is based on English roots. English law enforcement began with “hue and cry.”. England. Alfred the Great’s system 9th-10th Century mutual pledge. England. mutual pledge system

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History and Structure

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  1. Chapter 5 History and Structure Policing:

  2. English Policing • American policing is based on English roots. • English law enforcement began with “hue and cry.”

  3. England • Alfred the Great’s system • 9th-10th Century • mutual pledge

  4. England • mutual pledge system • tithing- group of ten (10) families • tithing man - leader or chief of tithing

  5. England • Hundred = ten tithings = one hundred families chief constable - head of the hundred

  6. England • Constable: • considered the first real police officer • appointed by local nobleman • in charge of weapons for the hundred

  7. Shire • A geographic area equivalent to our county. • Hundreds were grouped into Shires. • England was divided into 52 Shires. • Shire-Reeve was the antecedent of modern day sheriff.

  8. England • 1272-1307 • set up curfew and night watch program • bailiffs - night watchmen to enforce curfew • watch and ward

  9. Watch and Ward • The name given to first night watch in cities and towns. • They operated from sundown to sunrise. • They protected property against fire. • They guarded the gates of city. • They arrested those who committed offenses.

  10. Statute of Winchester-1285 • It created the watch and ward in cities and towns. • It drafted eligible males to serve. • It institutionalized the “hue and cry.” • Citizens had to maintain weapons in order to answer the call to arms.

  11. England - 1750 • The Industrial Revolution brought many new people to the big cities. • Crime increased in cities and highways leading to cities. • Civilian associations cropped up and began creating their own private police forces.

  12. BowStreetRunners • established 1750 • patrolled streets and highways leading to London • Sir Henry Fielding - one of the founders • first real detective unit

  13. London Metropolitan Police • 1829 - Parliament passed bill - creates London police • Sir Robert Peel - Home Secretary • 1,000 officers called bobbies • uniformed • structured along military lines

  14. American Law Enforcement • Colonists brought systems from Europe when they emigrated to colonies. • The shire-reeve was responsible for law enforcement in the counties. • The constable was responsible for law enforcement in towns. • Before the Revolution, both were appointed by Crown.

  15. American Frontier • vast and wild until late 19th century • natural haven for outlaws and bandits • citizen posses and vigilantes - the law

  16. PolicingAmerica’sCities • 1636 - Boston • New York - known as Rattle Watch because of rattles they carried and shook while they patrolled

  17. Policing America’s Cities • 1658 - paid watchmen in New York • 1693 - first uniformed police officer • 1731 - first precinct station in New York

  18. Policing America’s Cities • 1833 - Philadelphia is the first to initiate a police force. • 1844 - New York is the first to establish a unified day/night police force. • 1865 - Massachusetts creates the first state police force. • 1866 - Detroit creates first detective unit.

  19. AmericanPolicing 1920-1933 This was the Era of Prohibition and widespread corruption of police.

  20. AmericanPolicing 1960’s-1970’s Civil rights movementand anti-Vietnam war demonstrations impacted on police operations and enforcement.

  21. AmericanPolicing 1967 - LEAA was formed to assist police departments in acquiring the latest in technology and adopt new enforcement methods.

  22. AmericanPolicing • LEAA - funded many police research projects • Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

  23. AmericanPolicing Three Levels ( jurisdictions) • federal • state • local

  24. Federal Law Enforcement • 1789 • first federal law enforcement agency - Revenue Cutter Service • patrolled shores of U.S. to prevent smuggling and to ensure collection of revenue

  25. Federal Law Enforcement • 21 separate federal law enforcement agencies in eight government agencies

  26. Other Federal Agencies • 1789 - U.S. Marshals • 1862 - Internal Revenue Service • 1865 - Secret Service • 1891 - Immigration and Naturalization • 1908 - Bureau of Investigation - later to be renamed F.B.I. in 1930

  27. Other Federal Agencies 1914 The Bureau of Narcotics & Dangerous Drugs combined with other agencies and was renamed Drug Enforcement Administration in 1973.

  28. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies • Department of the Treasury • Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms • Internal Revenue Service • U.S. Custom Service • U.S. Secret Service • Federal Law Enforcement Training Center

  29. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies • Department of Justice • Bureau of Prisons • Drug Enforcement Administration • Federal Bureau of Investigation • U.S. Marshals Service • Immigration and Naturalization Service

  30. Department of Interior Fish and Wildlife Service National Park Service U.S. Park Police Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

  31. Department of Defense Criminal Investigation Division Office of Special Investigations Naval Investigative Service Defense Criminal Investigator Service Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

  32. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies • Department of Transportation • U.S. Coast Guard • General Services Administration • Federal Protective Services U.S. Postal Service • Postal Inspections Service Washington, D.C. • Metropolitan Police Department

  33. Federal Bureau of Investigation • 1924 - J. Edgar Hoover is appointed Director. • 1924 - Identification Division is created to collect fingerprint files. • 1930 - F.B.I. begins collecting data for Uniformed Crime Report publication. • 1932 - Crime laboratory is established.

  34. 1835Texas Rangers: They are believed to be the first state police force. Military unit is responsible for border patrol. They apprehend Mexican cattle rustlers. State Law Enforcement

  35. State Law Enforcement • Two Models: • centralized model • decentralized model

  36. Local Agencies-Municipal • approx. 13,580 different departments • approx. 420,000 sworn police officers • approx. 100,000 civilian employees • largest - New York - approx. 36,813 police officers • smallest – 3,409 departments with 1 sworn police officer or only part- time officers

  37. Local Agencies-County • approx. 3,100 sheriff departments • approx. 155,000 full-time officers • approx. 89,000 civilian employees • largest - Los Angeles Sheriff’s Dept. with approx. 2,110 sworn officers and 4,880 civilian employees

  38. State Law Enforcement • 49 state police departments • approx. 52,000 full-time state police officers • approx. 26,000 civilian employees • major role - control traffic on highway system

  39. Private Protective Services • Nearly 2,000,000 people are estimated to be working in private security today. • Types of private security services: • company guards • airport security • bank guards • executive protection

  40. Private Protective Services Those self-employed individuals and privately funded business entities and organizations providing security- related services to specific clientele for a fee…

  41. Private Protective Services … for the individual or entity that retains or employs them, or for themselves, in order to protect their persons, private property, or interests from various hazards.

  42. Private Protective Services Types of Private Security Services: • store/mall security • school security • nuclear facility security • hospital security • automated teller machine services • railroad detectives • loss prevention specialists • computer/information security

  43. Security Bureau, Inc. Wackenhut Corp. Guardsmark, Inc. American Protective Services Globe Security Private Protective Services

  44. Wells Fargo Guard Services Advance Security, Inc. Pinkerton’s, Inc. Allied Security, Inc. Burns International Security Services Private Protective Services

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