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Comprehensive Organic Chemistry Reactions Guide

Explore various organic chemistry reactions including hydrolysis, fermentation, and oxidation with detailed examples and conditions. Learn about transforming polysaccharides, alcohols, and aldehydes into different compounds.

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Comprehensive Organic Chemistry Reactions Guide

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  1. Organic Chemistry Reactions

  2. Reactions Hydrolysis of a polysaccharide polysaccharide + water → disaccharide Example: 2(C6H10O5)n + nH2O →nC12H22O11 Hydrolysis of a disaccharide disaccharide + water → monosaccharide • Example: C12H22O11 + H2O→ 2C6H12O6

  3. Reactions Fermentation of glucose C6H12O6→ 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Special conditions for fermentation: • optimum temperature range between 20°C and 30°C • little or no oxygen present • enzymes (catalyst) e.g. in yeast

  4. Reactions Oxidation of a primary alcohol primary alcohol + oxidising agent →aldehyde (there will be more reactants and products depending on the oxidising agent) Note: if the aldehyde is not immediately removed it will be further oxidised to a carboxylic acid Example: ethanol + acidified dichromate →ethanal + chromium ions CH3CH2OH + Cr2O72- + 12H+→ CH3CHO + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (For definitions of primary and secondary alcohols, see notes, Subtopic 5.2)

  5. Reactions Oxidation of a secondary alcohol secondary alcohol + oxidising agent →ketone (there will be more reactants and products depending on the oxidising agent) Example: propan-2-ol + acidified dichromate →propanone + chromium ions CH3CH(OH)CH3 + Cr2O72- + 12H+→ CH3COCH3 + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (For definitions of primary and secondary alcohols, see notes, Subtopic 5.2)

  6. Reactions Oxidation of an aldehyde under acidic conditions aldehyde + oxidising agent + H+→ carboxylic acid (there will be more reactants or products depending on the oxidising agent) Example:ethanal + acidified dichromate →ethanoic acid + chromium ions CH3CHO + Cr2O72- + 12H+→ CH3COOH + 2Cr3+ + 6H2O

  7. Reactions Oxidation of an aldehyde by Tollens’ reagent aldehyde + Tollens’ reagent →carboxylate anion + silver metal + ammonia (there will be more reactants or products depending on half-reactions) Example:methanal + Tollens’ reagent →methanoic acid + silver + ammonia CH2O + Ag(NH3)2+ + H2O → CHOOH + Ag + 2NH3 + 2H+ Since an obvious silver ‘mirror’ forms on the flask if a reaction occurs, this is commonly used to test whether a substance is a ketone or an aldehyde. A ketone cannot be oxidised, so no silver mirror would form. Tollens’ reagent is ammoniacal silver nitrate solution, Ag(NH3)2NO3(aq) Usually we wouldn’t write the nitrate, since it is a spectator.

  8. And many more… See “Organic_reactiontypes” in the Notes folder for a full list. Some are detailed further in other notes files or the textbook.

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