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Socialization

Socialization. Learning to be human Learning elements of one’s culture. Socialization and the Self. Self: Sense of having a distinct identity; of being apart from other people and things Personality: Characteristic emotional, thought, and behavior patterns; consistent over time.

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Socialization

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  1. Socialization • Learning to be human • Learning elements of one’s culture

  2. Socialization and the Self • Self: Sense of having a distinct identity; of being apart from other people and things • Personality: Characteristic emotional, thought, and behavior patterns; consistent over time

  3. Agents of Socialization • Individual, group, organization that influences behavior and sense of self • Reference Group: Group or social category that people use as a guide to develop values, attitudes, behavior, self-image • Normative function • Evaluative function

  4. Agents of Socialization: Family • First social world children encounter • Parenting styles: • Authoritarian • Permissive • Authoritative

  5. Family as an Institution • Laws and institutions surrounding family and kinship systems • Nuclear family units • Mom, Dad, siblings • Extended family units • Includes nuclear family and aunts, uncles, cousins, grandparents • Authority and inheritance • Matrilineal • Patrilineal

  6. Elements of Culture Institutions Within Culture Cultural Activities Inner Core

  7. Social Institutions • Social institutions provide basic structure within which we live our lives • Emerge around a fundamental human need which must be met for individual survival and prosperous society Replace members Socialize new members Produce and distribute goods and services Preserve order Provide a sense of purpose

  8. Social Institutions • Informal Institutions • Authority and status attained through interpersonal relationships or other non-structured means • Formal Institutions • Deliberately brought into existence to enable people who do not know each other to carry on relationships for the purpose of attaining specific goals

  9. Educational Institutions • Formal agencies in which students learn • Important history • Skills • Socialization • Cultural differences in education

  10. Agents of Socialization: School • American students spend at least 180 days per year in school • Directly teach culture • Indirectly socialize (through textbooks, classes); introduce to large organizations • Anticipatory Socialization: Learning about, practicing new role before one is in a position to play the role

  11. Agents of Socialization: Peers • Children create a private peer culture • Themes: • Sharing and social participation • Dealing with fears and conflicts • Resisting adult rules and authority

  12. Economic Institutions • Some form of compensation for time or work • Economies differ in amount of governmental interference • Communism, Socialism, Capitalism • Function: Allows individuals to specialize in skills and still meet needs • Barter system or ‘swap out’ work • Money

  13. Agents of Socialization: Mass Media • Forms of communication that reach large numbers of people • Television • Virtually all U.S. households have TVs • Media violence

  14. Political Institutions • Some form of government • Provide peace and order within society • Protection from enemies outside society • Use of force concentrated within government • Legal system • Military establishment

  15. Function: Social Control • Groups must ensure that members obey at least the rules vital to survival of the group • Physical force • Economic pressure • Occupational pressures • Sanctions • Positive • Negative

  16. Socialization in Adulthood • Total Institutions • Desocialization • Resocialization

  17. Socialization in Adulthood • Total Institutions • Desocialization • Resocialization • Occupational Socialization

  18. Religious Institutions • Formal systems involving • Belief • Rituals • Places of worship • Linguistic concepts

  19. Health Institutions • Meaningful health can differ by culture • Physical and mental health evaluated differently according to culture • Modern medicine vs. traditional healing

  20. Theories of Cultural Change • Cultural borrowing and innovation acceptance • Contact with a new culture produces change in one or both cultures • Diffusion: Cultural traits spread from one group to another • Innovation: New elements or combinations of old elements are absorbed

  21. Theories of Cultural Change • Cultural Crisis • Changes are the result of uncontrollable forces • Ecological Change • Changes as response to long-term environmental changes

  22. Theories of Cultural Change • Cyclical theories • Cultures fluctuate; some rise to dominance over other cultures, some decay and fall to ruin

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