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Welcome to Sex Roles and Behaviours

Welcome to Sex Roles and Behaviours. Introductions Course outlines Text Masculinity & Femininity: Myths & Stereotypes Video: Gender. Masculinity & Femininity: Myths & Stereotypes. Central concepts. Similarities and differences Sex and Gender Stereotypes Exercise “isms”.

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Welcome to Sex Roles and Behaviours

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  1. Welcome to Sex Roles and Behaviours • Introductions • Course outlines • Text • Masculinity & Femininity:Myths & Stereotypes • Video: Gender

  2. Masculinity & Femininity:Myths & Stereotypes

  3. Central concepts • Similarities and differences • Sex and Gender • Stereotypes • Exercise • “isms”

  4. Similarities and Differences • SIMILARITIES PERSPECTIVE • EMPHASIZE HOW SIMILAR WOMEN AND MEN ARE • BUT! WHY DO MEN AND WOMEN SEEM SO DIFFERENT AT TIMES? • SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST EXPLANATION • WE BUILD OUR VERSION OF REALITY BASED ON • WHAT WE HAVE EXPERIENCED BEFORE, • WHOM WE INTERACT WITH, AND • WHAT WE BELIEVE.

  5. DIFFERENCES PERSPECTIVE • WOMEN AND MEN GENERALLY DIFFER • INTELLECTUALLY • IN SOCIAL SKILLS • EMPHASIZE POSITIVE CHARACTERISTICS • UNDERVALUED WHEN ASSOCIATED WITH WOMEN • ESSENTIALISM EXPLANATION • GENDER IS A BASIC STABLE CHARACTERISTIC • ALL WOMEN SHARE THE SAME PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS • DIFFERENT FROM THOSE SHARED BY MEN

  6. Sex Stereotypes • Socially shared beliefs that certain qualities can be assigned to individuals based on their sex • Many sex stereotypes are based on the notion of opposites “You throw… like a woman” “You think … like a man” © 2004 Slide Design by H. Lips & W. Andrew

  7. Sex Stereotypes • Socially shared beliefs that certain qualities can be assigned to individuals based on their sex • Many sex stereotypes are based on the notion of opposites • An earlier hierarchical tradition considered women and men to be similar—but women were less advanced

  8. Sex: a person’s biological maleness or femaleness Related to reproduction Gender: cultural expectations for femininity and masculinity. It is learned behaviour Sex or Gender? Can sex and gender be cleanly separated? © 2004 Slide Design by H. Lips & W. Andrew

  9. Gender stereotypes have a dynamic component (Diekman & Eagly, 2000) • How likely is it that the average woman/man in 2050 will be nurturing? Leadership-oriented? Ambitious? • In 2050, what percentage of physicians will be women? What percentage of flight attendants will be men? • In 2050, will women or men be more likely to perform these household tasks: Cooking? Laundry? Mowing the lawn?

  10. Gender stereotypes have a dynamic component (Diekman & Eagly, 2000) • Respondents predicted that women and men would become increasingly similar in the future • They also thought women’s and men’s roles were converging • They perceived most of the changes as occurring in women • LONGITUDINAL STUDY RESULTS • … … … … … • Would this be the same for your cohort? • WHAT DO YOU THINK?

  11. Video: Gender

  12. Exercise – female and Male characteristics? • Handout • What does this say about • Men? • … • … • Women? • … • … • … • What are the implications for • Men? … … … … • Women?... … … …

  13. Women Sentimental Submissive Superstitious Expressive Men Adventurous Dominant Forceful Independent Masculine Strong Instrumental The Content of Gender StereotypesI: Personality Traits © 2004 Slide Design by H. Lips & W. Andrew

  14. Two Kinds of Gender Stereotypes • Descriptive: what the typical woman and man are like • Prescriptive: what the typical woman and man should be like

  15. The Content of Gender StereotypesII: Beyond Personality Traits • Components of gender stereotypes: • Traits • Roles • Behaviors • Occupations • Physical appearance • Stereotypes are expressions of probability

  16. Evaluative Aspects of Gender Stereotypes • Prejudice: negative evaluation of persons or their activities because they belong to a particular group • Sexism: prejudice based on a person’s sex • Sexism has a long history © 2004 Slide Design by H. Lips & W. Andrew

  17. More than one kind of sexism? Ambivalent sexism has two faces: • Hostile sexism: dominance-oriented paternalism, derogatory beliefs about women, heterosexual hostility • Benevolent sexism: protective paternalism, idealization of women, desire for intimate relations

  18. The Changing Face of Sexism • Old-fashioned sexism openly endorses stereotypic judgments about women and men and the way they should be treated • Modern sexism(also called neosexism) more subtle, characterized by denial that women are still targets of discrimination, antagonism to women’s demands, lack of support for policies designed to improve women’s status

  19. Sexism directed at men? • Stereotypes can harm males through unrealistic expectations • Men are more rigid than women in their insistence on stereotypic masculinity

  20. Sexism in the Evaluation of Work • Goldberg study(1968): Women rated articles more favorably when they were supposedly written by a man • Later studies: When gender differences in evaluation are found, they tend to favor men

  21. Sexism in the Evaluation of Work • When gender differences in evaluation are found, they tend to favor men • When is this bias most likely to appear? • Stereotypically masculine domains • Gender-neutral material is being rated • There is less information about the people being rated • Respondents are rating a job application or résumé • Measures used to obtain ratings contain gender-stereotypic items

  22. Sexism in the Evaluation of Work • When gender differences in evaluation are found, they tend to favor men • But sexism can affect men’s evaluations too: • Studies show that people may be biased against people trying to behave in ways that don’t match gender stereotypes • Women are discriminated against for masculine-stereotyped jobs and men are discriminated against for feminine-stereotyped jobs

  23. Stereotypes and Status • Occupations lose status as they become dominated by women (Touhey, 1974a) • Occupations gain status as they become dominated by men (Touhey, 1974b) • When raters believe masculine traits are required for a job they assign it higher prestige and salary (Glick, 1991) • Virtually all high-status jobs are male-dominated (Glick, Wilk, & Perreault, 1995)

  24. Gender Interacts with Other Categories • Diversity-mindfulness: • openness to differences among people • appreciation of varied perspectives • receptiveness to other perspectives • Respect for others

  25. Gender Stereotypes and Race • Ideals of femininity may differ across racial and ethnic groups • e.g., African American women’s tradition of speech; European American women’s tradition of silence • Ideals of masculinity may differ across racial and ethnic groups • e.g., Latino men and “machismo” • e.g., the role of the father in different ethnic groups

  26. Gender Stereotypes and Social Class • Are some observed differences the result of “middle-class gaze”? • College students hold more positive stereotypes of poor women than of poor men. Why? • … • …

  27. Gender Stereotypes and Age • Gender stereotypes become less pronounced for older people • Perhaps they are partially replaced by age stereotypes • Is there a “double standard” of aging? • Elderly women sometimes resist gender stereotypes

  28. The double-standard of aging • Examples • … • … • … • …

  29. Gender Stereotypes and Appearance • Beauty is defined as a feminine attribute • Physical attractiveness is a more central part of the self-concept for women than men • Is this changing? • Women are less satisfied with their body appearance and function than men • Is this always true? • Heavy weight is often linked to low self-esteem

  30. Gender Stereotypes and Appearance • Women who describe themselves as feminine and men who describe themselves as masculine are most likely to feel dissatisfied with their bodies • Stereotypes vary by group. For instance, African American women report less concern than European American women about heavy weight © 2004 Slide Design by H. Lips & W. Andrew

  31. Gender Stereotypes and Sexual Orientation • Lesbians are often characterized as masculine. Gay men are described as feminine • People most likely to hold negative attitudes toward homosexuality are hypermasculine men and hyperfeminine women

  32. Gender Stereotypes and Disability • For women, the disability stereotype can reinforce the image of dependence • People may view men with disabilities less favorably than women with disabilities because disabilities imply weakness • People with disabilities are sometimes stereotyped as asexual © 2004 Slide Design by H. Lips & W. Andrew

  33. The Process of Stereotyping • Information processing • Schemas guide us to pay attention to and remember information that fits a stereotype • Self-fulfilling prophecy • We behave the way we think others expect us to behave – thus confirming the expectation

  34. How Gender Stereotypes and Prejudice Affect Us • Women notice and resent sexist events, even when they do not respond publicly (Swim & Hyers, 1999) • People tend to avoid situations where they will be targets of prejudice unless they have exceptionally high confidence (Cohen & Swim, 1995) • Stereotype threat: the awareness that we may be judged by or fulfill negative stereotypes about our group

  35. Examples of how Gender Stereotypes and Prejudice affect us – women and men • Stereotype – belief • Attitude – affect • Discrimination – behaviour • Examples of discrimination based on sex • The Famous five and the Person’s case(p.18) • … • … • … • …

  36. Stereotypes and the Measurement of Masculinity-Femininity • Terman and Miles (AIAS, 1936) • Femininity and masculinity were considered opposite ends of the same continuum Which would you rather do: Command others? Persuade others? Would you rather do interesting work with a small income or uninteresting work with a large income? Do you dislike people with loud voices? tall women?

  37. Stereotypes and the Measurement of Masculinity-Femininity • Sandra Bem (BSRI, 1974) • Masculinity and femininity considered as two separate, independent dimensions Masculinity Low High Mid-Points Low High Femininity © 2004 Slide Design by H. Lips & W. Andrew

  38. Stereotypes and the Measurement of Masculinity-Femininity • Sandra Bem (BSRI, 1974) • Androgyny – the merging of feminine and masculine qualities • How does an androgynous person score on the BSRI? - high on femininity and - high on masculinity

  39. Next week • Theoretical perspectives and Research • Remember, the lectures do not cover all the material in the text • Also, the lectures contain material that is not in the text. • You are responsible for the material in the text, lectures, handouts and videos • Have a good week. See you next Friday.

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