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Bonneville Environmental Foundation

Bonneville Environmental Foundation. Wind Energy Workshop. Why Wind?. Wind Energy is the Fastest Growing Energy Source in the World. 1979: 40 cents/kWh. 2000: 4 - 6 cents/kWh. Increased Turbine Size R&D Advances Manufacturing Improvements. NSP 107 MW Lake Benton wind farm

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Bonneville Environmental Foundation

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  1. Bonneville Environmental Foundation

  2. Wind Energy Workshop

  3. Why Wind?

  4. Wind Energy is the Fastest Growing Energy Source in the World

  5. 1979: 40 cents/kWh 2000: 4 - 6 cents/kWh • Increased Turbine Size • R&D Advances • Manufacturing Improvements NSP 107 MW Lake Benton wind farm 4 cents/kWh (unsubsidized) 2004: 3 – 4.5 cents/kWh

  6. Wind Power

  7. Early “WINDMILL” in Afghanistan (900AD)

  8. Jacobs Turbine – 1920 - 1960

  9. Smith-Putnam Turbine Vermont, 1940's

  10. Modern Windmills

  11. Orientation Turbines can be categorized into two overarching classes based on the orientation of the rotor Vertical AxisHorizontal Axis

  12. Advantages Omnidirectional Accepts wind from any angle Components can be mounted at ground level Ease of service Lighter weight towers Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind Disadvantages Rotors generally near ground where wind poorer Centrifugal force stresses blades Poor self-starting capabilities Requires support at top of turbine rotor Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings Overall poor performance and reliability Have never been commercially successful Vertical Axis Turbines

  13. Lift vs Drag VAWTs Lift Device “Darrieus” • Low solidity, aerofoil blades • More efficient than drag device Drag Device “Savonius” • High solidity, cup shapes are pushed by the wind • At best can capture only 15% of wind energy

  14. VAWT’s have not been commercially successful, yet… Every few years a new company comes along promising a revolutionary breakthrough in wind turbine design that is low cost, outperforms anything else on the market, and overcomes all of the previous problems with VAWT’s. They can also usually be installed on a roof or in a city where wind is poor. WindStor Mag-Wind WindTree Wind Wandler

  15. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines • Rotors are usually Up-wind of tower • Some machines have down-wind rotors, but only commercially available ones are small turbines

  16. Types of Electricity Generating Windmills • Small (10 kW) • Homes • Farms • Remote Applications • (e.g. water pumping, telecom sites, icemaking) • Intermediate • (10-250 kW) • Village Power • Hybrid Systems • Distributed Power • Large (250 kW - 2+MW) • Central Station Wind Farms • Distributed Power

  17. 10 kW 50 kW 900 W 400 W Modern Small Wind Turbines:High Tech, High Reliability, Low Maintenance • Technically Advanced • Only 2-3 Moving Parts • Very Low Maintenance Requirements • Proven: ~ 5,000 On-Grid • American Companies are the Market and Technology Leaders (Not to scale)

  18. SouthWest WindPower Sky Stream Rated Capacity: 1.8 KW Rotor: 12 feet (3.72 m); 50-325 RPM Estimated Energy Production: 400 KWh/month at 12 MPH Tower: Towers from 34-70 feet COST: 8 - 12K Installed

  19. Net Metering

  20. Large Wind Turbines • 328’ base to blade • Each blade 112’ • Span greater than 747 • 163.3 tons total • Foundation 20’ deep • Rated at 1.5 megawatt • Supply at least 350 homes

  21. Relative height of tall human structures Wind Power Today: RelativeHeight Empire Eiffel Umass 1.5 MW Medium Farm State Tower Library Turbine Turbine Turbine 1250’ 986’ 297’ 356’ 212’ 142’ 381 m 301 m 90 m 109 m 65 m 43 m 28 stories --------------examples -------------------

  22. Wind Farms

  23. Windfarm 2

  24. Off-Shore Windfarms

  25. Middelgrunden

  26. Workers Blade 112’ long Nacelle 56 tons Tower 3 sections Wind Turbine Perspective

  27. Calculation of Wind Power • Power in the wind Effect of air density,  • Effect of swept area, A • Effect of wind speed, V Power in the Wind = ½ρAV3 R Swept Area: A = πR2 Area of the circle swept by the rotor (m2).

  28. Why do windmills need to be high in the sky??

  29. Wind Turbine Technology North Wind 100 rating 100 kW rotor: 19.1 m hub height: 25 m Lagerwey LW58 rating: 750 kW rotor: 58 m hub height: 65 m Enercon E-66 rating: 1800 kW rotor: 70 m hub height: 85 m Boeing 747 wing span: 69.8m length: 73.5 m North Wind HR3 rating: 3 kW rotor: 5 m hub height: 15 m Enercon E-112 rating: 4000 kW rotor: 112 m hub height: 100 m Comparative Scale for a Range of Wind Turbines

  30. Potential of Wind Energy

  31. Importance of Wind Speed • No other factor is more important to the amount of power available in the wind than the speed of the wind • Power is a cubic function of wind speed • V X V X V • 20% increase in wind speed means 73% more power • Doubling wind speed means 8 times more power

  32. Wind Potential Source: U.S. DOE

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