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Anthropometric Concomitants of Physical Performance

Anthropometric Concomitants of Physical Performance. Somatotype. William Sheldon Photoscopic ratings based on listed criteria Endomorphy – Mesomorphy – Ectomorphy Ratings 1 to 7 3-4-3, 1-1-7, 2-6-2. Somatotype. Heath-Carter Anthropometric system :

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Anthropometric Concomitants of Physical Performance

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  1. Anthropometric Concomitants of Physical Performance

  2. Somatotype William Sheldon Photoscopic ratings based on listed criteria Endomorphy – Mesomorphy – Ectomorphy Ratings 1 to 7 3-4-3, 1-1-7, 2-6-2

  3. Somatotype Heath-Carter Anthropometric system: • Endomorphy (the first component) refers to relative fatness in physique. • Mesomorphy (the second component) refers to relative development of the musculo-skeletal system. • Ectomorphy (the third component) refers to relative linearity of physique. • Ratings 0.5 to >7

  4. Predicting Performance,Size or Shape? • Olympic male javelin throwers and gymnasts • Same somatotype, different size

  5. Sport Specificity of Physique • Age, Height & Weight • Throwers and Distance Runners older than Sprinters and Jumpers • Maximum muscle mass is not achieved until about 23 or 24 years of age • Maturational differences • Maturation may enhance or detract from performance • Limbs become proportionally longer • Strength to mass changes

  6. Sport Specificity of Physique • Many sport or activity specific requirements or consequences of training are predictable • Overload principle • Muscle and bone respond dynamically to mechanical stress or lack of it • Tennis player racquet arm larger muscle and bone width • Genetic • height for basketball and high jumping • late maturing for female gymnasts

  7. Weight TrainingGreater potential for hypertrophy in the upper body

  8. Sprinters • Muscle Power • Large muscles • High % fast twitch • African-American, Caribbean dominance • Proportionally long limbs? • Narrow hips?

  9. Marathoner 1904 • Low weight • Small muscles • No arm muscle • Calves well developed but not large • Exceptional cardio-respiratory delivery and oxygen utilization systems 2002

  10. Cylist • Lower body dominant muscle development • Size and requirements vary with event • Track sprinters • Often crossover of athletes with speed skating • Tour de France

  11. Rowers • Tall with proportionally long limbs • Although musculature shows no particular pattern the Humerus (elbow) width disproportionately large in relation to femur width in every rower measured at the 1976 Olympic Games

  12. Swimmers • Fat athletes? • Cold water • None weight bearing • Physique requirements different for each event • Ian Thorpe multiple freestyle Olympic and World Champion had size 17 feet Australian breaststroker disconsolate after hearing she is a fat athlete and that her taller freestyle team mate wants to use her as a chin rest

  13. Gymnasts • Female gymnasts • Pre-pubertal • Small • Proportionally short limbs • High strength to mass ratio • Male gymnasts • Mature • Small • Proportionally short limbs • High strength to mass ratio

  14. Ice Skating Requirements: Technical Skills – Quadruple Spin Jumps Artistry – Interpretation of the music Elvis Stojko Emanuel Sandhu

  15. Ice Hockey • Fast twitch fibres • Lower body muscle development • Maximum muscle mass reached at about 23 to 24 years of age • Big 18 and 19 year olds brought into the NHL and who are expected to hit and be hit invariably have lingering back injuries in their 20’s

  16. Predicting Strength • Best indicator of muscle strength is cross-sectional area of muscle Force X-sectional Area

  17. Ga = G - (Πx S) S Where Ga = skinfold-adjusted girth G = measured girth (cm) S = skinfold thickness (cm) Π = 3.14 G Ga • Assumes: • limb is perfectly circular with muscle as a perfect circle concentric to an annulus of subcutaneous adipose tissue • Depth of the annulus S is equal to the measured skinfold thickness

  18. Max Grip Strength vs Skinfold adjusted Forearm GirthKin 303 Students

  19. Previous Kin 303 Project • Heel raises vs S.A. Calf Girth (r=0.95) in untrained university males • Good range in size • Highly standardized test • Small skill component • Motivation • Restricted Training Level • The more standardized the strength test the better the relationship with muscle size

  20. Quantification of Performance • Are the units of measurement those of the quality supposedly being assessed? • Standing Broad Jump • Distance jumped – Power test • Flexed Arm Hang • Time hanging – Muscular endurance test • Maximal Oxygen Uptake • l/min or ml/kg/min – Maximum rate of oxygen use

  21. Standing Broad Jump • Distance Jumped • Muscular Power • Body Weight • Height of Centre of Gravity • Angle of Take-Off • Skill - Arm Swing • Motivation

  22. Flexed Arm Hang • Time that set position is maintained • Muscular Endurance • Unequal test • People of different weights • Composition of weight may vary

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