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Learning Behavior

Learning Behavior. WHAT IS LEARNING????. Learning is experience-based modification of behavior. Animals need not witness a developmentally fixed ( innate ) behavior to perform it .

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Learning Behavior

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  1. Learning Behavior

  2. WHAT IS LEARNING????

  3. Learningisexperience-basedmodification of behavior • Animalsneednotwitness a developmentallyfixed (innate) behaviortoperformit. • Conversely, itmightseemthatsomethings, such as thedifferent human languages, are completelylearned.

  4. Forexample!!!

  5. Learning Versus Maturation • Learningoftenaffectsinnatebehavior, butchanges in innatebehaviors are notalwaysduetolearning. • MATURATION. • HABITUATION.

  6. ImprintingisLearningLimitedTo a SensitivePeriod • WHAT IS IMPRINTING????? • Learningthatislimitedto a specific time period in ananimal’slifethatisgenerally irreversible. • Byimprintingontheirparentsyoungbirdsfirstlearnwhowilltakecare of them and subsequentlylearnspeciesindentify and thekind of birdtheyshould mate withlater in life.

  7. FOR EXAMPLEEEEE!!!

  8. KONRAD LORENZ • He dividedclutch of graylaggooseeggs, leavingsomewiththemother and puttingtherest in anincubator.

  9. Sensitiveperiod: a limitedphase in ananimal’sdevelopmentwhenlearning of particular behaviors can take place.

  10. UnderstandingtheDevelopment of BehaviorThroughBirdSongs • A considerable amount of researchonhowanimalslearn has focusedonbirdsongs. • Mostbirds can learntheirsongsthroughthesensitiveperiodorthrough open-endedlearning.

  11. Learning in theSensitivePeriod • Thesensitiveperiodinvolves: • Passivelistening • Template • Subsong • Crystallized final song • Theyimprovethesongwithpracticeuntilitsoundsliketheadultsong of theirspecies.

  12. The Open-EndedLearning • Otherspeciessuch as canarieshave open-endedlearning. Theydeveloponeversion of theirspecies´ song in thefirstyear.thenafterbreeding, theyreenter a plasticphase and add new syllables,learning a new version of thesong. Thesongchangeseachyearthroughtthebird´slife.

  13. CRYSTALLIZED FINAL SONG PASSIVE LISTENING SUBSONG TEMPLATE EGG SENSITIVE PERIOD MATURE ADULT JUVENILE HATCH 50 DAYS 1 YEAR

  14. New Syllables New Syllables New Syllables Plasticsong Final Song Final Song Subsong PlasticSong PlasticSong Egg Juvenile Breeding Breeding

  15. Howanimals can learntoassociateonestimuluswithanother

  16. Whatisassociatelearning? Theability of manyanimalstolearn toassociateonestimuluswithanother. The two forms of associative learning are classical and operant conditioning. Neutral stimulus is repeatedly presented together with a reflex eliciting stimuli until eventually the neutral stimulus will elicit a response on its own.

  17. Classicalconditioning Involveslearningtoassocateanarbitary Stimuluswith a rewardorpunishment. ThisiswellknownbythephysiologistIvanPavlov . He sprayedpowderedmeatintodogsmouth, causingthemtosalivate. And he exposeddogsto a sound . Thedogs in respondsalivatedtoothesoundalone, theylearnedtoassociateitto a normal stimulus.

  18. OperantConditioning In herethe animal learnstoassociateone of its ownbehaviorswith a rewardorpunishment and thentendstorepeatoravoidthatbehavior. Forexample, predatorsquicklylearntoassociate certainkinds of potentialpreywithpainfulexperiences and modifyitsbehavior

  19. Thebestknownlabstudiesinvolvingoperantconditioning are fromthe physiologist B.F. Skinner . He placed a rat in a skinner box he foundoutwhotomanipulate a lever in a box and itsrewardwastoreleasefood. The animal quicklylearnstoassociatemanipulation of theleverwith a food reward.

  20. Whatisplay  Describes behavior which has no particular end in itself, but improves performance in similar situations in the future. And is mostly limited to mammals and birds.

  21. Play obviously consumes energy , and therisktolife and limb in significant additionalcost. Whatcould be theultimateadaptivebasisforsuchpointless behavior??? Thepracticehypothesissuggestthatplayis a type of learningthatallowsanimals toperfectbehaviorsneeded in fuctionalcircumstances.

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