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BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 2 PAGES 166-176

BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 2 PAGES 166-176. Standards. 5.4. ____ Describe the process of meiosis, including independent assortment and crossing over. Explain how reduction division results in the formation of haploid gametes or spores

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BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 2 PAGES 166-176

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  1. BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 2 PAGES 166-176

  2. Standards 5.4 ____ Describe the process of meiosis, including independent assortment and crossing over. Explain how reduction division results in the formation of haploid gametes or spores ____ Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis and relate them to the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction and their consequences for genetic variation 5.5

  3. Essential Question: What are the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction? 1.

  4. cycle mitosis identical • Chromosome Number The purpose of the cell ______ with ________ is to make daughter cells that are ________ to the parent cell. • This allows the organism to _____, develop and ______ cells • Species are ________ for the number of chromosomes they have • e.g. grow repair specific fruit fly = 8 chromosomes

  5. effect complexity ferns = 1200 chromosomes / cell • the chromosome number has no ______ on the overall ___________ of an organism e.g. • In a human ________ cell there are ___ different chromosomes • In a human ________ cell, the ___ chromosomes are grouped into __ sets of ___, one chromosome is donated by _____ and the other by _____ somatic 46 somatic 46 2 23 mom dad

  6. Homologous chromosomes = matching pairs of _____________ • homologous chromosomes have similar ______ for the body but are not _________ DIAGRAM: chromosomes traits identical

  7. How is it possible for two different parents to form an offspring that has the same amount of chromosomes as they do? A. Sexual reproduction = the process by which chromosomes of __ parents combine to form a new __________ • Each parent has to produce _____ that have only ____ the amount of chromosomes as their _______ cells • gametes = special, reproductive cells that house only ___ the number of chromosomes as _____ cells e.g. 2 individual cells 1/2 parent 1/2 body egg, sperm

  8. haploid diploid • with regard to chromosome number, gametes are described as being ________ while somatic cells are _________ • haploid = term used to describe cells with only __ complete set of chromosomes e.g. • diploid = term used to describe cells with ___ complete sets of chromosomes e.g. 1 egg, sperm (gametes) 2 body cells (somatic cells)

  9. B. Fertilization = the process of an ____ and _______ combining to produce a new __________ • Zygote = the single cell that results from ___________ • zygotes are ________ when describing the number of chromosomes within the cell egg sperm individual fertilization diploid

  10. offspring zygote mitosis II. The Production of Gametes Since a new cell is being made when an _________ or _______ is formed, the cell ______ is used only instead of ________ there is a process called ________ cycle meiosis

  11. G2 G1 S copy A. Interphase • This include ___, __, and ___ phases which will _____ all the organelles that the new gametes will need as well as copying the ____ B. Meiosis = the process in which _____ are produced that have only ____ the number of chromosomes as _______ cells DNA cells 1/2 parent

  12. 2 1/2 • Meiosis involves __ divisions after interphase which can cut the chromosome number by ____ for the daughter cells • Meiosis division 1 includes: __________, ____________, ___________, and ___________ • Meiosis division 2 includes: ___________, ____________, ___________, and ____________ prophase I metaphase I anaphase I telophase I prophase II metaphase II anaphase II telophase II

  13. 4 haploid C. Cytokinesis • divides the resulting __ daughter cells each of which is _______ in chromosome number

  14. meiosis gametes egg III. Gamete Formation Even after the cell cycle with ________, the daughter cells are only ________ NOT fully mature ____ or sperm • Gametogenesis = the production of fully mature _________ or sex cells • the process to obtain a fully mature _________ will vary by organism in time and according to sex gametes gametes

  15. 4 4 A. Males- for the __ daughter cells that are produced, __ turn into sperm cells DIAGRAM:

  16. 4 1 unequal B. Females - for the __ daughter cells that are produced, only __ becomes an egg due to ________ division of cytoplasm DIAGRAM:

  17. IV. Mitosis vs. Meiosis diploid haploid somatic cells gametes 1 / cycle 2 / cycle to make / replace cells that are identical to make cells with ½ chromosome number

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