iafrika

1. APARTHEID = a government policy of racial segregation in South Africa. It required many laws to enforce it, as you will see from the following timeline: 1910Union of South Africa Act: Established a united South Africa as part of Great Britain; whites had rights, and other people did not Jan. 8, 1912The South African Native National Congress—SANNC, later shortened to African National Congress, or ANC—is created by black South Africans to fight for black rights

2. iafrika Nkosi Sikelel’ i Afrika God bless Africa Malupakam’ upondo Iwayo Raise up her spirit Yiva imitandazo yetu Hear our prayers Usi - sikelele And bless us Sikelel’ amadol’ asizwe Bless the leaders Sikelela kwa nomlisela Bless also the young Ulitwal’ ilizwe ngomonde That they may carry the land with patience Uwusiki lele And that you may bless them Sikelel’ amalinga etu Bless our efforts Awonanyana nokuzaka Through learning and understanding Uwasikelele And bless them Yihla Moya~ Yihla Moya! Descend, Spirit! Descend, Spirit! Yihla Moya Oyingcwele Descend, Holy Spirit! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkosi_Sikelel'_iAfrika

3. Asiatic Land Tenure and Indian Representation Bill (1946): Limited where people whose ancestors came from India could live, and allowed them to only elect white representatives to Parliament. Condemned by Gandhi, this law became known as the “Ghetto Act.” 1948 In an election, the Afrikaner National Party won a majority in Parliament. Afrikaners represented less than 10% of the population of South Africa and slightly more than half of the white population. They ran the government and invented apartheid, passing a series of laws against people of color.

4. The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949): White and non-white people could not marry each other. The Suppression of Communism Act (1949): South Africans who protested the National Party could no longer write books or make speeches. The Group Areas Act (1949): Each racial group had to live on its own land. Africans were given the smallest “reserves,” also called “Bantu Homelands.”

5. The Population Registration Act (1949): This law categorized people by color based on their appearance. For example, the “pencil test” was one way of determining if a person’s hair was kinky enough to hold a pencil in it. Depending on how long the pencil stayed in, a person could be registered as African, coloured, or white. Census Results: Europeans: 14% Asians: 3% Coloureds: 9% Africans: 75% The Natives Act (1952): Declared Africans residents of their “homelands” and required them to carry passports to travel within South Africa.

6. The Native Labour Act (1953): Made it illegal for black workers to strike. The Separate Amenities Act (1953): Created segregated public facilities, such as buses, toilets, and water fountains, for each of the four racial groups. The Bantu Education Act (1953): Created segregated schools so that each of the four racial groups would have its own separate schools.

7. The Public Safety Act (1953): The government could declare a state of emergency and suspend Parliament and the courts of law. The Natives Resettlement Act (1954): Cities declared white. Blacks were removed from cities and resettled on the outskirts of the cities in the all-black “Townships.” For example, Soweto was the South West Township outside of Johannesburg. The Criminal Procedures & Violence Act (1955): Police were allowed to search people’s homes and businesses without search warrants.

8. The Industrial Conciliation Act (1955): Allowed whites to have certain jobs, while blacks were restricted to manual labor. For example, only a white could be a mine foreman; all blacks working in the mine would have to use a pick and shovel or haul heavy loads. The Unlawful Organizations Act (1960): Made organizations that protested against apartheid illegal. This affected the African National Congress (ANC) and the Pan-African Congress.

9. 1960 The Sharpeville Massacre: 69 black people die and 187 people are wounded by police during peaceful protests against the passport system, and other protesters are fined, imprisoned, and whipped. June, 1961ANC begins an armed struggle, with its leader Nelson Mandela’s support

10. The “Sabotage Act” (1962): Ordered house arrest for anyone who protested apartheid. Ordered the death penalty for anyone who blew up bridges and buildings in protest. The Undesirable Publications Act (1963): Censored all publications, including books and newspapers. If the church or government did not approve of the ideas expressed, the book would be banned.

11. The “No Trial” Act (1963): Protesters could be imprisoned for 90 days at a time without a trial and without being charged with a crime. After their release, they could be arrested again and again for 90 days at a time. The Bantu Laws Amendment Act (1964): Prevented blacks from working in the cities, which were white. Required anyone who wanted to get a job or move to get permission from the government’s Labour Bureau.

12. 1964-1991 Nelson Mandela, the leader of the African National Congress (ANC), was imprisoned for 27 years @ Robben Island, off Cape Town. Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act (1970): Blacks, especially protesters, assigned citizenship in “homelands” on remote, worthless land.

13. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iq4VjE0_AVQ 1970s Southern Africa experienced wars and rebellions, in Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Namibia. Groups such as miners, the Anglican Church, and white professionals protested apartheid and the South African government. Violent protests took place in the township of Soweto, near Johannesburg, in June, 1976. Activist Stephen Biko died in police custody on Sept. 12, 1977 and became a martyr to the anti-apartheid movement. White political power became less secure. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_Freedom

14. 1976 Replaced the English taught in black schools with Afrikaans to help make Afrikaner culture and economy superior to British culture and economy.

15. Soweto Uprising: 15,000 middle and high school students in Soweto protested learning only Afrikaans in school. Soweto became a war zone, with 600 children killed and 10,000 wounded, and many townships came to be controlled by black teenagers. 40,000 blacks were imprisoned, and the government declared a state of emergency.

16. 1980s In the name of anti-communism, President Reagan’s government had a relationship with the government of South Africa, which was no longer allowed to be a member of the United Nations (U.N.) or to participate in the Olympics. “Disinvestment,” or boycotting corporations in South Africa, was a strategy used by American and British people to influence South Africa’s government by ruining its economy. ANC begins using slogan “Free Nelson Mandela” to publicize its cause globally. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Nelson_Mandela http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fm7p-RLFg2I

17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_70th_Birthday_Tributehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_70th_Birthday_Tribute

18. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Color_of_Friendship_(2000_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Color_of_Friendship_(2000_film)

19. 1990s The destruction of South Africa’s economy, the fall of the Soviet Union, and the end of the Cold War all led to the end of apartheid. In 1990, the Prime Minister who had replaced P.W. Botha made key changes: he ended the state of emergency, released Nelson Mandela on Feb. 11, 1990, and promised to dismantle apartheid. All laws were repealed in 1991, free elections were held in 1994, and Nelson Mandela was elected president. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZY8c_a_dlQ&feature=related http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invictus_(film)

20. Today Nelson Mandela’s government set up the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to hear confessions of guilty Afrikaaners, to locate mass graves, and to provide opportunities for healing and closure. Part of the reparations process involves reassigning land to try to make up for the losses suffered by non-whites under apartheid. Thabo Mbeki and Jacob Zuma have each served as president. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HiPmMMaHCk&feature=related http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_90th_Birthday_Tribute