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Best Practices For Deploying MySQL on Solaris

Best Practices For Deploying MySQL on Solaris. Ritu Kamboj Jenny Chen. Agenda. MySQL -Solaris Integration MySQL High Availability Data Service Consolidate MySQL Deployment Using Solaris Containers DTrace (Jenny Chen)‏. MySQL-Solaris Integration. Optimized MySQL on Open Solaris.

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Best Practices For Deploying MySQL on Solaris

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  1. Best Practices For Deploying MySQL on Solaris • Ritu Kamboj • Jenny Chen

  2. Agenda • MySQL -Solaris Integration • MySQL High Availability Data Service • Consolidate MySQL Deployment Using Solaris Containers • DTrace (Jenny Chen)‏

  3. MySQL-Solaris Integration

  4. Optimized MySQL on Open Solaris • MySQL 5.0.45 (32bit) integrated with Open Solaris build 76 • SXDE 01/08 • MySQL 5.0.45 (64bit) integrated with Open Solaris build 87 • SXCE

  5. Layout of MySQL on Open Solaris • MySQL 5.0.45 packages • Default data directory • /var/mysql/5.0/data • Default configuration directory • /etc/mysql/5.0 • Installation directory • /usr/mysql/5.0/ • Latest version accessible from /usr/mysql/bin • Symbolic link from all directories involved in 5.0.45 release to corresponding /usr/mysql

  6. Optimization Of MySQL On Open Solaris • Compiled with optimal compiler options using Sun Studio compilers • Added SMF support for MySQL • Easily accommodates varying configurations • Initializes MySQL database thereby enhancing user experience • Mysql user can manage MySQL database via SMF • Support for MySQL cluster engine (ndb)‏

  7. Compiler Optimization • Enable in-lining • Change header file univ.i to add Sun Studio • If (!defined(SUNPRO_C)‏ • #define UNIV_MUST_NOT_INLINE • Enable pre-fetching • -xprefetch=auto and -xprefetch_level=3 • Set optimization level • -xO4

  8. Compiler Optimization (Contd)‏ • Feedback optimization (not yet implemented)‏ • Workload is key • -xprofile -xipo • Interprocess optimization • About 10% improvement • Link with libmtmalloc • Library for threaded application • About 8% improvement

  9. Service Management Facility (SMF)‏ • Makes Solaris Services Self-Healing • Services automatically restart in dependency order • Misbehaving and mis-configured services are easier to debug • Log files for each service • Administrators can securely delegate tasks to non-root users

  10. MySQL-Service Management Facility • Dynamically configured properties • mysql/bin • Installation , default : /usr/mysql/5.0/bin • mysql/data • Data Directory , Default: /var/mysql/5.0/data • mysql/enable_64bit • Flag to select 32bit or 64bit , Default : false • First time installations • Creates system tables (mysql_install_db.sh )‏

  11. Starting MySQL on Open Solaris • Older Open Solaris Build (Build 76- Build-87)‏ • 32Bit MySQL integrated • Create mysql user • Enable MySQL SMF service • Latest Open Solaris Build (Build 87 onwards)‏ • 32Bit and 64bit MySQL integrated • Default mode : 32bit service • For starting 64bit • Set enable_64bit == true

  12. Optimized MySQL on Solaris 10 • CoolStack • SAMP stack + more • Optimized MySQL download • Standalone package • SAMP stack component • Available at Sun Download center: • http://cooltools.sunsource.net/coolstack • Version MySQL 5.0.45 • Similar optimizations as in Open Solaris

  13. MySQL-High Availability Data Service

  14. Solaris Cluster Overview • Provides general purpose HA platform Availability is our customers' most critical requirement Sun Cluster VOC Survey Fifty percent of enterprises that lack a recovery plan go out of business within one year of a significant disaster Gartner Group

  15. Solaris Cluster : Hardware Components • Servers with local storage • Can have up to 16 nodes • Shared storage • Tolerates single-node failures • Centralizes configuration files • Cluster interconnect • At least two redundant networks • Public network interfaces • Spreads outbound packets

  16. Solaris Cluster Algorithms • Cluster membership monitor • Ensures data integrity • Determines cluster membership • Cluster configuration repository • Global repository • Ensures consistent view • Disk Fencing • Fences off non-cluster nodes • Prevents Partition • Quorum • Uses a majority voting schema

  17. MySQL High Availability Data Service DB Node 3 Node 2 Node 1 Node 4 • HA-MySQL is a failover data service

  18. MySQL High Availability Data Service • Supported configurations • Standalone MySQL server • MySQL replication server • Single/Multiple MySQL instances in master configuration • Single/Multiple MySQL instances in slave configuration • Solaris containers support • Global zone • Non-global failover zone • Non-global zone

  19. HA-MySQL Service Deployment MySQL MySQL Stor Host Stor Host Node1 Node2 Node2:Zone2 Node1:Zone1

  20. MySQL-Solaris Cluster Benefits • Enhanced end-to-end infrastructure availability • Continuous MySQL Availability • Automatic failover if master node fails • Low cost solution • Software is free and open sourced • Efficient Resource Utilization • Multiple applications can be consolidated • Ease of operations • SC enables clustered systems to be managed as if they were on a single system

  21. Additional information • Step by step deployment guide • http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/doc/819-3059 • Failover study of HA-MySQL • http://blogs.sun.com/krishs/date/200804 • Solaris Cluster • http://www.sun.com/software/solaris/cluster/index.xml • http://opensolaris.org/os/community/ha-clusters/

  22. Consolidate MySQL installations using Solaris Containers

  23. Solaris Containers • Containers : Zones + Resource Management • Zones: isolated virtual application environments • Resource management – resource control (CPU, Memory)‏ • Achieving Consolidation Goals • Reduce Hardware • Combine low utilization systems • Isolate applications from faults • Maintain Service Levels • Fine tune response times

  24. MySQL Consolidation Study • System Configuration • Sun Fire X4100 (4 CPU, 8 GB Memory)‏ • Local container configuration ( 1 CPU , 1 GB Memory • Sysbench Read-only Sysbench read-write

  25. Dtrace (Jenny Chen)‏

  26. DTrace • Use DTrace with MySQL to drill down Monitoring MySQL Performance • Examples & Solutions • Easy Steps To add DTrace probes into MySQL core server and storage Engines • Easy Steps to display MySQL DTrace probes into Chime visualization Tool for DTrace

  27. Why DTrace • Solaris 10 Dynamic Tracing Facility to provide comprehensive view of operating system and application behaviour • DTrace to examine particular system areas: disk I/O, CPU, Memory • Process Tracing and Debugging • USDT(User-level statically defined tracing) place custom probes in application code • Add USDT into MySQL source to monitor MySQL and gather the useful data missing by the current MySQL monitor tools:

  28. DTrace: Monitor I/Os • Exam I/O wait time by filename and mysqld(Available at DTraceToolkit)‏ • #!/usr/sbin/dtrace –s • #pragma D option quiet • io:::wait-start • / execname == “mysqld” / • { self->start = timestamp; } • io:::wait-done • / execname == “mysqld” && self->start / • { this->elapsed = timestamp - self->start; • @files[pid,args[1]->dev_pathname, args[2]->fi_pathname] = sum(this->elapsed); • self->start = 0; • } • profile:::tick-5s • { printf(“-------------------------------------------------\n”); • printf(“%6s %8s %20s %50s\n”, “PID”, “TIME”, “DEVICE”, “FILE”); • printa(“%6d %@8d %20s %8s \n”, @files); • printf (“------------------------------------------------\n”); } • #./mysqliowait.d • --------------------------------------------------- • PID TIME DEVICE FILE • 113 234 /dev/dsk/c0t2d0s0 /usr/local/mysql/data/ibdata1

  29. DTrace: Monitor CPU • classic performance problem • #!/usr/sbin/dtrace -s • #pragma D option quiet • syscall:::entry • { • self->ts=vtimestamp; • } • syscall:::return • /self->ts/ • { • @a[execname, probefunc] = count(); • @b[execname, probefunc] = sum (vtimestamp - self->ts); • self->ts=0; • } • END • { • printf("%-16s %-16s %-8s\n","EXEC","SYSCALL","COUNT"); • printa("%-16s %-16s %-@8d\n",@a); • printf("%-16s %-16s %-8s\n","EXEC","SYSCALL","TIME"); • printa("%-16s %-16s %-@8d\n",@b); • }

  30. # ./syscall.d EXEC SYSCALL COUNT devfsadm lwp_park 1 dtrace fstat 1 ... mysqld read 106542 mysqld gtime 109613 mysqldpread1181669 --------------------------------------------------- EXEC SYSCALL TIME dtrace lwp_sigmask 218 pkill getpid 302 ... mysqld read 259284183 mysqld write 267556239 mysqldpread4650457224

  31. Agrregated user stack backtrace to understand of the nature of pread() in MySQL source code – useful for mysql developers # dtrace -n 'syscall::pread:entry / execname == "mysqld" / { @[ustack()]=count() } dtrace: description 'syscall::pread:entry ' matched 1 probe ... libc.so.1`_pread+0xa mysqld`my_pread+0x54 mysqld`_mi_read_static_record+0x67 mysqld`mi_rnext+0x1fe ... mysqld`handle_one_connection+0x855 libc.so.1`_thr_setup+0x67 1564811 .... Replace high cost pread with “--myisam_use_mmap=1”- useful for mysql DBA • A 94% performance improvement !

  32. Dtrace: Memory Analysis • Check which process causes anonymous page in • # dtrace -n anonpgin '{@[execname] = count()}' • dtrace: description anonpgin matched 1 probe • sshd 2 • vmstat 23 • mysqld 673 • Use Dtrace to measure waiting for paging in • # ./ whospaging.d – available at Solaris Internals(http://www.solarisinternals.com/si/dtrace/)‏ • Who's on cpu (milliseconds): • sshd 1 • vmstat 3 • mysqld 120 • sched 43210 • Who's waiting for pagin (milliseconds): • mysqld 239082

  33. Dtrace Probes In MySQL • Provide deep view of internal MySQL core server and storage engines' operation & behaviour • Database information • Query execution latency • Index & table scan cost • Wait events inside MyISAM & Innodb • Deadlock information • Query cache hit/miss • And many more... • Speed resolution of performance bottlenecks with in database design and MySQL server configurations • Negligible performance overhead • Easy steps to create & insert your own Dtrace probes into MySQL • MySQL DTrace GUI Monitor Tool - Chime

  34. Query execution Time • Enable Slow query log with “–log-slow-queries” requires re-start MySQL server • SQL statements with query execution time longer than “long_query_time” second in the log file • SQL statements generating most loads on the application may not in slow query log • Replication query statements are not available in slow query log • Time spending by the query optimizer to generate query plan is not available in slow query log • Using DTrace can get mising query execution information online

  35. Insert DTrace Probes Into MySQL • Step 1: Figure out what probes are needed to insert into the source code • Step 2: Define MySQL Provider and probes • # cat mysql_dtrace.d • provider mysql • { • probe query__execute__start(void *, char *, char *, const char *, char *); • probe query__execute__finish(void *, char *, char *, const char *, char *,int); • } • Two Probes defined in the mysql provider • Note to use two underscore(__) translated to hypen automatically

  36. Step 3: Define a header file “mysql_dtrace.h” with definitions for probes dtrace -h -s mysql_dtrace.d #ifndef _MYSQL_H #define _MYSQL_H #define DTRACE_QUERY_EXECUTE_START(arg0, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4) \ __dtrace_mysql___query__execute__start(arg0, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4)‏ #define DTRACE_QUERY_EXECUTE_START_ENABLED() \ __dtraceenabled_mysql___query__execute__start()‏ extern void __dtrace_mysql___query__execute__start(void *, char *, char *, char *, char *); extern int __dtraceenabled_mysql___query__execute__start(void); #endif

  37. Step 4: Insert the probes into source code #include <mysql_dtrace.h> ... bool mysql_execute_command(THD *thd)‏ { DTRACE_QUERY_EXECUTE_START((void *)thd, thd->db, thd->security_ctx->user, (char *)thd->security_ctx->host_or_ip,thd->query); ... DTRACE_QUERY_EXECUTE_FINISH((void*)thd, thd->db, thd->security_ctx->user, (char *)thd->security_ctx->host_or_ip, thd->query, res ==0 ? 0: -1); go to end; ... }

  38. Step 5: Build MySQL with DTrace • In the Makefile.in, compile 64-bit MySQL with Dtrace mysqld_OBJECTS = $(am_mysqld_OBJECTS) mysql_dtrace.$(OBJEXT)‏ mysql_dtrace.o:$(top_srcdir)/include/mysql_dtrace.d $(am_mysqld_OBJECTS)‏ dtrace -G 64 -s $(top_srcdir)/include/mysql_dtrace.d $(am_mysqld_OBJECTS) • Inserting DTrace probes comleted, DTrace probes are ready to use!

  39. Step 6: Use inserted DTrace probes to measure query execution time with other database information #!/usr/sbin/dtrace -s … mysql*:::query-execute-start { self->start = timestamp; } mysql*:::query-execute-finish /self->start/ { this->query = copyinstr(arg4); } mysql*:::query-execute-finish /self->start/ { this->elapsed = (timestamp - self->start) / 1000000; this->who = strjoin(copyinstr(arg2), strjoin("@", copyinstr(arg3))); printf(" %-16.16s %-18.18s %5d %3d %-32.32s\n", arg1 ? copyinstr(arg1)‏ : ".", this->who, this->elapsed, (int)arg5, this->query); self->start = 0; }

  40. # ./mysqld_qestat.d DATABASE USER@HOST ms RET QUERY sbtest root@localhost 0 0 show tables sbtest root@localhost 0 0 show databases sbtest root@localhost 178 0 select * from sbtest • Use the same steps to insert Dtrace probes to <source_tree>/sql/sql_select.cc at the start and end of choose_plan() function to measure the time spent in query optimization • optimizer_prune_level=1 reduce query compilation time • Reduce optimizer_search_depth or optimizer_search_depth=0

  41. Index & Table scan cost • Identify the places in MySQL source to handle scanning index, and table • Index-scan functions: index_next, index_next_same, index_prev, index_first, index_last • Table-scan functions: rnd_init, rnd_end, rnd_next, rnd_pos • Insert DTrace Probes at the start and before return from the functions can measure the time spending on scanning table or index. mysql*:::innodb-index-next-start { @indexnext[args[0]] = count(); self->inext = timestamp; } mysql*:::innodb-index-next-finish /self->inext/ { @indexnexttime[args[0]] = sum(timestamp - self->inext); self->inext = 0; } • Expensive index-scan/table-scan report from Dtrace requires to optimize schema accordingly

  42. Buffer wait in Innodb • Innodb buffer wait is common in I/O-bound MySQL system while reading • page synchronous from disk • Insert Dtrace probes at: innobase/buf/buf0rea.c, • ulint buf_read_page( ulint space, ulint offset)‏ • { ... • DTRACE_INNODB_BUFFER_WAIT_START(); • /* We do the i/o in the synchronous aio mode to save thread • switches: hence TRUE */ • count2 = buf_read_page_low(&err, TRUE, BUF_READ_ANY_PAGE, space, • tablespace_version, offset); • DTRACE_INNODB_BUFFER_WAIT_FINISH(); • ... • } • Increase innodb_buffer_pool size • Tune SQL to access rows with fewer block reads(i.e. By adding indexes)‏

  43. Query cache probes • Use DTrace to measure query cache hit and query cache miss to determine how well the query cache is performing • > Insert DTrace Probes at: sql/sql_cache.cc function: send_result_to_client • > DTrace Test script to report query cache hit and miss counts by query string, and totals • mysql*:::query-cache-hit, • mysql*:::query-cache-miss • { this->query = copyinstr(arg4); } mysql*:::query-cache-hit { @elapsed[this->query, "hit"] = count(); • hits++; } • mysql*:::query-cache-miss • { @elapsed[this->query, "miss"] = count(); • misses++; }

  44. # ./mysqld_qchit.d Tracing... Hit Ctrl-C to end. ^C QUERY RESULT COUNT select * from months miss 1 select * from months where num > 3 hit 1 select * from months where num > 3 and num < 9 miss 1 show databases miss 1 show tables miss 1 select * from months hit 9 Hits : 10 Misses : 4 Hit Rate : 71% • Tuning “query_cache_size” variable according to the hit/miss rate

  45. DTrace Performance Impact • Inserting DTrace Probes into MySQL source code are useful for MySQL DBA, MySQL & application developers. The performance impact of adding DTrace probes is critical for enterprise environment. • Cost of inserting USDT probe can be basically negligible: • Each probe inserted into the source code can be enabled by adding the code like: • if (PROVIDER_PROBE_ENABLED()‏ • { • PROVIDER_PROBE(arg0,...); • }

  46. DTrace Probes In MySQL 6.0 • probe insert_row_start();probe insert_row_end();probe filesort_start();probe filesort_end();probe delete_start();probe delete_end();probe select_start()probe select_end();probe update_start();probe update_end(); • compile with “--enable-dtrace” configure option to use the Dtrace probes

  47. Integrate with Chime Tool • Chime is graphical tool for visualizing DTrace aggregations. It • provides alternative CLI-based tool output with more visually • apprealing and more useful to display data over time • Available to download: http://www.opensolaris.org/os/project/dtrace-chime. One-step installation: • > Run pkgadd -d osol0chime-<arch>-1.4.pkg • chime requires Solaris Nevada build 35 or later • > Run local: /opt/OSOL0chime/bin/chime • > Run remotely: /opt/OSOL0chime/bin/chime <hostname> • chime provides wizard to automatically generate new display for DTrace script

  48. Resources > http://www.opensolaris.org/os/community/dtrace - OpenSolaris Community: Dtrace >http://developers.sun.com/solaris/articles/solaris_perftools.html - Solaris Performance and Tools > http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/doc/817-6223/6mlkidlms?a=view - Statically Defined Tracing for User Applications chapter of DTrace Manual >http://www.brendangregg.com - DTrace toolkits > http://www.solarisinternals.com/wiki/index.php/DTrace_Topics_Databases - DTrace Topics Databases • Acknowledgements Brandan Gregg – Sun Microsystems Engineer in Advanced Products Group

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